Exam Papers Flashcards
Relative atomic mass?
Average mass of an atom of the element relative to 1/12 the mass of carbon-12
EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Hardness of water exp: suitable indicator
Solo chrome black T
Alkanes formula
CnH2n+2
Single bonds
Structural isomers
Compounds that’s have same molecular formula but different structural formula
Alkene formula
CnH2n
Double bond
Alkynes formula
CnH2n-2
Triple bonds
Ethanol reacting with
- Acidified potassium permanganate
- Fehlings reagent
- ammoniacial silver nitrate
- colour change purple to colorless
- brickred precipitate is formed
- silver mirror is formed
* all repeat with propanone*
Ketones are not oxidized by neither of them all
What’s a choloalkane
Compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an Alkane molecule have been replaced by chlorine
E.g.
Monocholormethane
Dichloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
What do alcohols have ?
-OH group called hydroxyl group
Functional group
An atom or a group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound
Alcohols formula
CnH2n+1OH
Dsescirbe benzene
Carbon carbon bonds are intermediate between carbon carbon single and double bonds. That is shown by the circle inside the hexagon. Each corner represents a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
Primary alcohol
One where the carbon atom joined to the OH group is attached to only ONE other carbon atom
What is methanol
Toxic
Added to alcohol to prevent people drinking it
Causes blindness and death
Physical properties of alcohols
High boiling points
Completely miscible with water
Aldehyde
-CHO
-al at the end
E.g. Methenal
CnH2n+1CHO
Consist of carbonyl group c=o
Temporary dipoledipole bonds between aldehyde molecules
Ketones
O
//
R---C
\
R
R are alkyl groups
End with -anone
What is propanone and butanone ?
Ketones
Has carbon double bonded with carbon
Dipole dipole forces between ketones
Low boiling points
Example of a structural isomer
Propanone and propanal
Propanone
O
||
H-C-C-C-H
Propanal
O
||
H-C-C-C-H
Carboxylic acids
O // C \ OH
CnH2n+1COOH
-oic acid “at the end”
Boiling points
Low to high or ethane
Ethane
Ethanal
Ethanol
Ethanoic acid
Ester
O
//
R-C
\
O-R'
Where R’ is an Alkyne group or the same
Ends with oate e.g. Methyle ethanoate
Condensation reaction
Chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with loos of a smaller molecule e.g. Water
Steam distillation
Separation process used to isolate compounds at temperature below their decomposition temp
Principle of steam distillation
Mixture of two immiscible liquids boils at a temperature below that of the boiling points of l each of the liquids.
Hot mixture of water vapor and oil is passed through a condenser and the distillate that is collected contains a mixture of oil and water
Emulsion
Dispersion of small droplets of one liquids in another liquids in which in not soluble
Why use gloves when handling eugenol
Can burn skin
What is used to separate an emulsion
Liquid liquid extraction (solvent extraction)
What is liquid liquid extraction
Technique in which to immiscible liquids are separated using a solvent (cyclohexane) in which one of the components (oil)of the mixture has a higher solubility than the other(water)
E.g. Organic component is removed by dissolving it in an organic solvent
Experiment is the separation of clove oil
Cyclohexane floats in the emulsion (it is non polar organic solvent)
Cyclohexan floats because it’s less dense than water
•Shake funnel •Clap again •pour organic in a conical •pour aqueous in a beaker •repeat at least 3 times As each of washing is carried out the emulsion becomes milky •anhydrous magnesium sulfate is added (MgSO4)into the cyclohexane solution *MgSO4 is a drying agent*
- pass organic layer into comical flask add mgso4 and pour down a filter paper into a conical flask
- in the conical flask is cyclohexane containing clove oil (we used mgso4 to clump and collect water)
- place in a water bath in a fume cupboard (to boil cyclohexane out of the solution wth has a boiling point of 81c
Substitution reaction
Chemical reaction in which an atom or atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or atoms
What is it called when a atom is replaced by an atom
Substitution reaction
What is a mechanism
A detailed Step by step description oh how the overall reaction occurs
Chain reaction
Reaction that continues on and on because a product from one step is a reactant for another reaction
What is when a h from oh has been replaced by alkyne group and the reverse of it
Esterification
Hydrolysis
Additional reaction
Two or more molecule react to make a single molecule
Polymers
Long chain molecules made by joining together small molecules
How to dehydrate alcohol to make an alkene
Add Al2O3
Principal of gas chromotograony
Gaseous mobile phase is in contact with a stationary phase and separation of the mixture occurs as a result of selective assonance of the components of the mixture on the stationary phase
What’s a triad
Group of three elements with Sicilian chemical properties in which the atomic weight of the middle Element is approximately equal to the average of the two
Mass number
Sum of protons and neutrons
What is an isotope
Atoms of same element which have different mass number due to neutrons in the nucleus
Sigma vs pi
Sigma-head on overlap of orbitals
Pi-sideways overlap of orbitals
Seconds ionization energy
Energy required to remove an electron from a position ion in a gaseous state
Processes in mass spectrometry
Vincent Is a Sad Dog
Vaporization: Turning liquids into gas
Ionization: Electron gun fires high energy electrons at the atoms or molecules of the sample gas. Electrons are knocked off these particles and positive ions are produced.
Accelerate: passed between negative plates . These attract positive ions and accelerate these ions to high speeds
Separation: curved magnetic field in which lighter particles are easy to detect and heavy are more difficult to detect therefore it’s split into a number of beams based to their masses
Detection: positive ion fall in a very sensitive detector that responds to the number of ions hitting it. It sends a series of leaks called mass spectrum
