Exam Overview - Sheet4 (1) Flashcards
10yr trend of deaths from natural causes in prison ?
Nearly doubled. Avg. age = 56yrs
Avg. distance b/w women’s prisons and their families?
60mi (but many held further) –> makes visiting difficult/expensive
Cost of prison ?
£36k (down 18% since 2009)
Economic cost of reoffending?
£9.5-13/yr (3/4 can be attributed to former short-sentenced prisoners) (National Audit Office)
Effectiveness of short prison sentences vs CommPens on reoffending?
7% higher reoffending rate (+ more crimes committed) for short prison sentences (<12mo)
Effect of parental imprisonment on children’s risk ?
300% risk for antisocial/delinquent behavior (Farrington 2008)
E&W comparative imprisonment rate (to Europe) ?
147/100k Highest in W. Europe (Scotland: 143/100k; N.I.: 78/100k) E&W have 2x as many indeterminate sentences as FRA, GER, ITA combined.
General rates of prison violence ?
Rising sharply since 2012. Serious assaults more than doubled in 3yrs
Link b/w prison numbers and crime levels? (National Audit Office)
No consistent correlation. *same int’l findings: Seppala (2015)
Male to female prisoners?
95% men; 5% women
Most at risk of self-harm in prison pop. ?
- Indeterminate sentences for IPP. (550 incidents of 1000 serving an IPP) 2. Women = 23% of all self-harm incidents (represent only 5% of total prison pop).
NOMS budget reduction since 2010-2011?
Reduced by nearly 25% (savings of £900m)
% of adult reconviction w/in 1yr of release?
46% - Those serving ≤12mo = 60%
% of black prisoners?
10% (v. 2.8% of gen. pop.)
% of children in prison on child protection register OR experienced neglect/abuse?
40%
% of children in prison w absent parents?
75% w/o father 1/3 w/o mother
of children separated from moms by prison?
> 17.2k (in 2010)
% of current prison pop on remand?
12% of total (10k) (68% await trial; rest await sentence)
of C/YAs in custody?
under-18s = 900 18-20s = 4.7k = 67% decrease (2007-2015) (Taylor Report)
% of C/YAs reoffending w/in 1yr of release?
69%
of deaths in prison ? (March 2015-2016)
290 = highest number on record
of fires in E&W prisons? (2015)
1935 fires (160/mo) = 57% incr.
% of Muslim prisoners?
15% of prison pop. (doubled b/w 2002-2016)
% of people entering prison w ≤6mo sentence?
48%
% of people remanded accused of non-violent offences?
60% (17% theft; 10% drugs)
of people remanded to prison pre-trial? (2015)
40.5k
% of prisoners divorced since imprisonment?
10% (double the gen. pop.)
% of prisoners homeless OR w/o permanent accommodation pre-custody?
15% and 33%, respectively
% of prisoners in receipt of benefits immediately pre-custody?
75%
% of prisoners overcrowded?
> 25% (over half of E&W prisons overcrowded)
% of prisoners serving 4+ yrs (incl. indeterminate)
56% of total (incr. by 26k since 1993)
% of prisoners serving IPP past tariff expiry date?
81% (avg. = 44mo beyond tariff)
% of prisoners taken into care as child
+25% (compared to 2% of gen. pop.)
% of prisoners w 2+ mental disorders?
70% (Gen. Pop. = 5% men; 2% women)
% of prisoners w convicted family member
43%
% of prisoners w convicted family member who’d been in prison?
35%
% of prisoners who ran away from home as child
47% of males; 50% of females (compared to 10% of gen. pop.)
% of prison population BAME?
26% (55/10k of pop’n) (v. 14% of gen. pop.) Equality & Human Rights Comm’n: UK more disproportionate than in the US
% of prisons “of concern” or “of serious concern” ?
24% (dbl. since 2012)
% of ROTL completed successfully?
99.95%
% of self-inflicted deaths by prisoners on remand? (2015)
2/5
of under-18s entering YJS ?
82% fall (2007-2015) (Taylor Report)
% of under-18s reconvicted w/in 1yr?
0.68
% of women entering prison serving ≤6mo ?
61% (in 1993: 1/3rd)
% of women in prison est’d to have 1+ dependent children?
13-20%
% of women in prison sentenced for non-violent offence?
85% (42% for theft/handling stolen goods)
% of women in prison who are foreign nationals ?
13%
% of women living at home w dependent children at time of custody?
20%
% of women prisoners reporting abuse as child?
53% women (27% men)
% of women prisoners reporting domestic abuse history ?
46%
% of women prisoners reporting suicide attempt at some point in life?
46% (men prisoners = 21%; gen. pop. = 6%)
% of women reconvicted w/in 1yr of release?
48% (77% if served 11+ previous custodial sentences)
% of young male offenders who are fathers?
25%
Overcrowding in private v public prisons ?
Private have higher % of overcrowding than public ever year since 2000
% prisoners in receipt of mental health treatment in yr before custody ?
16% men; 26% women
Prisoners’ likelihood to abuse drugs/alcohol?
Far more likely than gen. pop.
Prisoners’ numeracy, writing & reading skills (vs. level expected of 11yro)
Numeracy: 2/3 (±66%) Reading: 50% Writing: 82%
% prisoners reporting symptoms indicative of psychosis ?
15% men; 25% women (vs. 4% in general public)
Prisoners serving indeterminate sentences?
11.5k (64% = life sentence) (36% serving an IPP)
% prisoners unemployed in 4wks before custody?
2/3rds
% prisoners unmarried pre-custody?
81% (double the gen. pop.)
Prison Pop. (England & Wales, June 2016)
84,405 (exp. 90k by 2020)
Prison pop. increase since 1993?
92% rise (incr. by 41k) (greater use of long sentences accounts for 66% of rise; avg. sentence 3mo longer today)
Proportion of prisoners excluded from school?
1/2 of males; 1/3rd of females
Proportion of prisoners w/o qualifications?
1/2 of males; 7/10 females
Rates of self-harm in E&W prisons? (2015)
+32,300 = highest ever recorded (40% incr. in 2 yrs)
Rates of women imprisonment ?
3.8k (nearly tripled b/w 1993-2005)
Reduction of ROTL use ?
-37% (due to new restrictions)
Risk of self-harm - women v. men?
2016: women = 23% of all incidents (down from 1/3rd in 2011) (only 5% of total prison pop). * but also reflects sharp rise in men incidents
s of children affected by parental imprisonment?
200k children in E&W had parent in prison during 2009 (more than double children affected by divorce)
Suicide rates in custody ?
120/100k people (gen. pop. = 10.8/120k people)
What % of world prison pop. are in the US ?
25% of world prisoners (but only 5% of world pop.) 1972: 300k prisoners 2016: 2.3mil Highest incarceration rate in the world.
