exam one study guide Flashcards
public health is the ________ and ___ of _______, _____, and ______
science, art;
preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health;
Primary = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ // PREVENTION Secondary = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ // SCREENINGS Tertiary = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ // TX AND THERAPY
- people without disease
- people with non-symptomatic disease
- people with symptomatic disease
Primary = people w/out disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_ Secondary = non symptomatic people w/ disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_ Tertiary = symptomatic people w/ disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- prevention
- screenings
- Tx and therapy
Primary = people w/out disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_ Secondary = non symptomatic people w/ disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_ Tertiary = symptomatic people w/ disease // \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- prevention
- screenings
- Tx and therapy
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = counseling/education Clinical interventions Long-lasting prevention interventions Changing context \_\_\_\_\_\_ = SES factors
Top (small impact); Bottom (largest impact)
in the health impact pyramid, top is _____ impactful while the bottom is _____ impactful; does impact = importance?
least, most, impact does not equal
Top 10 Public Health Advances 1900-1999
- Vaccination
- Motor-vehicle safety
- Safer workplaces
- Control of infectious diseases
- Decr. deaths from heart disease and stroke
- Safer and healthier foods
- Healthier mothers and babies
- Family planning
- Fluoridation of drinking water
- Recognition of tobacco as health hazard
Top 10 Public Health Advances 1900-1999 acronym
VMSCD - SHFFR
very merry santa claus doesn’t save his fanfare for reindeer
Top 10 Public Health Advances 2000-2010
- Vaccine-preventable diseases
- Prevention and control of infectious diseases
- Tobacco control
- Maternal and infant health
- Motor vehicle safety
- CVD prevention
- Occupational safety
- Cancer prevention
- Childhood lead poisoning prevention
- Public health preparedness and response
Top 10 Public Health Awareness (2000-2010) acronym
VPTMM-COCCP
very poor Timmy made many copies of Captain Cooper’s paycheck
ecological approach layer o
age, sex, hereditary, largely “fixed” or nonmodifiable determinants
ecological approach layer 1
individual lifestyle factors: behaviors and attitudes that influence health; includes health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, lack of physical activity).
Ex: vaccine campaign
ecological approach layer 2
social and community networks: network of family, friends, wider social circle. Refers to how individuals interact with peers/immediate community and come under social/community influence
ecological approach layer 3
living/working conditions, material/social conditions in which people live and work, determined by various factors (housing, education, employment)
Ex: safe routes to school
ecological approach layer 4
general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. Those that prevail in society as a whole
something that plays an essential role in the onset of health issue [MUST be present for disease to occur]
cause
an exposure or characteristic which increases the likelihood of developing a particular condition
risk factor
an exposure or characteristic which decreases the likelihood of developing a particular condition
protective factor
evaluation that documents and analyzes all aspects of the actual implementation of strategy or program
process evaluations
evaluation that is focused on program design or improvement, helps to refine or improve a program
formative evaluations
evaluation that is focused on program judgment, often at the end
summative evaluation
Steps in the Public Health Approach
Step 1: Describe/Define the problem
Step 2: Identify Risk Factors/Protective Factors
Step 3: Develop and test prevention strategies (interventions)
Step 4: Ensure widespread adoption
a health system is the sum total of all the ________ whose primary purpose is to _______. A health system needs _________________________________. And it needs to provide services that are responsive and financially fair, while treating people decently
organizations, institutions and resources, improve health; staff, funds, information, supplies, transport, communications and overall guidance and direction
sources of health information
Primary =
Secondary =
Tertiary =
Primary = studies Secondary = fact sheets, textbooks, Tertiary = summaries secondary. “Lay press”
10 top services of public health
- asses/monitor population health
- investigate/diagnose/address health hazards
- communicate effectively to inform/educate
- strengthen/support communities and partnerships
- create/champion policy/plans/laws
- utilize legal/regulatory action
- enable equitable access
- build a diverse/skilled workforce
- improve through evaluation/research
- build/maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
Public Health’s 3 core functions
assessment, policy development, assurance
Gostin’s 7 models of public health interventions
- The power to tax and spend
Ex: support public health infrastructure; tax relief for medical services, childcare; taxes on sale of hazardous products (such as alcohol) - The power to alter the informational environment
Ex: require businesses to label products (instructions for safe use, health warnings) - The power to alter the built environment
Reduce injury, infectious disease, environmentally associated harms - The power to alter the socio-economic environment
Low SES material disadvantage - Direct regulation of persons, professionals, and businesses
Ex: Individual behaviors (seat belt, helmets), licenses of healthcare professionals - Indirect regulation through tort system
Ex: civil litigation regarding environmental damage, exposure to toxic chemical; medical malpractice
Usually happens after the fact - Deregulation: law as a barrier to health
Consider laws that have unintended health consequences, such as laws penalizing exchanges of pharmacy sales of syringes/needles; laws that criminalize sex workers
policy that extends goods and services to ‘members’
distributive
policy that uses gov’t taxes one group of people to provide benefits to another
redistributive
policy that limits individuals/agencies to certain types of behavior and people/entities can be fined or sanctioned
regulatory
example of distributive policy
Ex: employee benefit plans, subsidies (food production for farmers)
example of redistributive policy
Ex: healthcare (medicare for elderly), stabilization (unemployment, retirement)
example of regulatory policy
Ex: speed limits, business/professional regulations (prices, fraud)
official federal poverty measure facts
- created in the ____
- set ____ threshold, based on ____
- 1960s
2. income, family size
health disparities: _____ differences in the __________ that are experienced by a population.
- preventable
- burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health
health inequity is the attainment of ___________. It involves the focus and ongoing efforts to address _____ and ________.
highest level of health for all people, avoidable inequalities, historical and contemporary injustices
structural racism is the normalization of an array of __________ that routinely advantage white people across _________ while producing cumulative & chronic adverse outcomes for POC and Indigenous communities
historical, cultural, institutional, and interpersonal dynamics; mutually reinforcing systems
equality means “______”; equity means “__________”
everyone gets a box to reach the apple on the tree; everyone gets the correct size of box for them to grab the apple on the tree
health equity is both a ____ and an _____
process, outcome
4 key public health interventions for addressing racial health inequalities
Racial Equity
Justice for All
Youth at the Centre
Opportunity to Thrive.
institutional racism refers to the _________ within and across institutions that, intentionally or not, produce outcomes that chronically ____________
policies and practices; favor, or put a racial group at a disadvantage.
Vision of Healthy People 2030
A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan.
Mission of Healthy People 2030
To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people.
why are BIPOC patients frequently underdiagnosed when it comes to skin conditions?
- lack of education/research among doctors
- images of darker skin not included in medical training
epidemiology is the study of the ______ and _________ in populations.
distribution, determinants of disease frequency
Refers to the number of new cases in a population. It measures the appearance of the disease in a population in a defined period of time.
incidence
Refers to the total number of cases existing in a defined population at a single point in time.
prevalence
The number of new cases in a defined population at risk over a defined period of time (often as a rate / 1000)
incidence rate
(same as _____ rate) The frequency with which a disease appears in a population (often as a rate / 1000)
prevalence rate; morbidity rate
Rates are often calculated on a _______ basis
group-specific
Epidemic curve is a visual display of the _______ over ____ based on the _______
frequency of new cases, time, date of onset of disease
why measure community health status?
- Understand current health issues
- Understand changes in health status
- Understand factors that influence health status
- We must know what we are measuring and if we can compare!
What do you do with epidemiologic data?
- Identify needs
- Make decisions about investments in health
- Assess performance of health programs
- Public health policy development and evaluation
criteria for association
- is the association ____?
- is there clear ____?
- if an experiment removes the risk factor, does that ________ of the disease?
- strong
- temporality (time sequence)
- reduce the risk
Rose’s Theorem: a large number of people exposed to a small risk may generate many ____ cases than a small number exposed to a large risk
more
what does an epi do?
- perform surveillance
- analyze data
- attempt to control & prevent disease
- design/implement studies
centralized reporting = go to _____ first then to ____
head of state (central), localized
decentralized reporting = reportable disease/events go to the____ first then to the
county health department, the state health department
zoonotic disease is a disease that can be passed __________
between animals and humans
what makes zoonotic disease unique?
- many different transmission routes
- Apprx. 60% of human diseases are zoonotic
- Apprx. 75% of new emerging disease are zoonotic
- crosscut of other public health disciplines
