exam 2 study guide Flashcards
chain of infection order (circular)
infectious agent reservoir portal of exit means of transmission portal of entry susceptible host
chain of infection order acronym
instant repetition potentially makes people sad
IRPMPS
infectious agent example
microorganism
reservoir example
food, water, feces
portal of exit examples
respiratory tract, broken skin, rectum
means of transmission examples
direct/indirect/fomite // indirect = computer mouse
portal of entry example
nose/mouth/eyes
susceptible host example
person who is at risk
examples of interrupting chain of infection for cholera
washing hands, using alternative pumps, better disposal of waste
an inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and hence transferring them from one individual to another
fomite
an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another.
vector
how can herd immunity be acquired?
naturally acquired active immunity OR artificially acquired active immunity
basic reproduction number is the _____
number of additional cases for each 1 case
herd immunity is the _____
% of a population that needs to have immunity for herd immunity to be in effect
six protocols for clinical research protocol
- social value
- scientific validity
- fair subject selection
- acceptable risk-benefit ratio
- informed consent
- respect for enrolled subjects/participants
principle for scarce resource allocation: health maximization
resources allocated in such a way that the total beneficial impact on health is as large as possible
principles in scarce resource allocation: equity
ensure everyone has equal chance of receiving a scarce resource or having care
principle of scarce resource: personal responsibility
lower priority should be given to people whose health problems may relate to their own health behaviors; greater priority given to those who contribute to society
4 principles of allocating scarce resource
health maximization, equity, priority to the worst, personal responsibility
role of IRB
governing of human subjects research more successful
how many people die from tobacco?
7 million (890,000 from second hand)
how many chemicals are in secondhand smoke?
4,000+
(possible) violations of ethics protocols violated by the Stanford prison experiment
- acceptable risk/benefit ratio
- respect for enrolled subjects/participants
high prevalence group tobacco rates
- youth girls
- lower-income countries including sub-Saharan Africa
high prevalence group tobacco risks
-great risk to women, children, communities
MPOWER goals
- MONITOR tobacco use and prevention policies
- PROTECT people from tobacco smoke
- OFFER help to quit use
- WARN about dangers of tobacco
- ENFORCE bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
- RAISE taxes on tobacco
tending to blame others when it’s about others, and we tend to blame external factors when it’s about us
fundamental attribution error
third party effect: tendency to estimate that others are more influenced than self
perceptual component
stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
- relapse
people in the pre-contemplation stage usually are in one of these three categories…
- unaware
- in denial
- tried in past, failed, no longer attempting
meta-analysis importance from transtheoretical model importance…
a one standard deviation increase in PROS must occur and an
approximately one-half standard deviation decrease in CONS must occur.
six building blocks to health belief model
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- perceived benefits
- perceived barriers
- cues to action
- self-efficacy
building block that is… An individual’s belief that they will develop a disease/disease consequence, if he or she either does/doesnt engage in a
particular behavior
perceived susceptibility
building block that says…An individual’s belief in the seriousness of the consequences of a disease or harmful condition
perceived severity
a building block that says…an individual’s belief that there are advantages in taking action to reduce disease risk, over continuing actions that may icr. risk for disease
perceived benefits
building block that says…impediments an individual faces when adopting a behavior
perceived barriers
building block that says…environmental/internal triggers that increase/decrease the likelihood of an individuals engaging in a behavior
cues to action
building block that says…an ind. belief/confidence in his/her ability to engage in a specified behavior or to overcome a barrier to engage
self-efficacy
viewing other cultures solely through the “eyes” of own society
ethnocentrism
recognizes that cultures differ and can be evaluated only according to their own standards and values
cultural relativism
understanding the limits of cultural competence
cultural humility
nutritional deficiency resulting from lack of food or from the inability of the body to convert or absorb it
undernutrition
lack of proper nutrition
malnutrition
two way relationship with food: Infections affect ability to ___
and/or _____ food // poor nutrition reduces ______
(increases ________ to and
____ of infections/illness)
eat, absorb // immunity, susceptibility, length
2020-2025 Dietary Guideline Overview
- 6% energy from sugar intake or less
- alcohol intake
- non animal sources of protein
- pregnancy/lactation, younger children (schools)
prevalence of mental illness
790 million
_____ is the leading cause of disability worldwide
depression
Adults in U.S. with serious mental illness die
on average __ years earlier than others
25
Which population(s) in MN experience the highest rates of mental illness? Of suicide?
whites // Men, American Indian
What are the negative consequences of deinstitutionalization?
prison, homelessness
“graphics”: knowledge, attitudes, preferences, likes/dislikes, values
psychographics
“graphics”: age, income, marital status, where they live, occupation
demographics
What are main features and tenets of risk communication?
trust, origin, nature, scope, awareness…….
(a type of emotional regulation, not necessarily reasoning) people don’t want to feel like they’ve been doing something wrong; identifying things on the outside and identifying it as “other”/outgroup
motivated reasoning
look for, see, and believe only the evidence that is in-line with my in-group’s currently held beliefs (NOT based off their demographics necessarily)
confirmation bias
role of scientific literacy in risk communication
Literacy is more fully defined by what an individual might be able to do
What have we learned from researching the deficit model of communication?
people make decisions not just based on “facts” but for complex reasons
