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x.Public Health (PUBH 3001) > exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

chain of infection order (circular)

A 
infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
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2
Q

chain of infection order acronym

A

instant repetition potentially makes people sad

IRPMPS

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3
Q

infectious agent example

A

microorganism

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4
Q

reservoir example

A

food, water, feces

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5
Q

portal of exit examples

A

respiratory tract, broken skin, rectum

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6
Q

means of transmission examples

A

direct/indirect/fomite // indirect = computer mouse

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7
Q

portal of entry example

A

nose/mouth/eyes

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8
Q

susceptible host example

A

person who is at risk

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9
Q

examples of interrupting chain of infection for cholera

A

washing hands, using alternative pumps, better disposal of waste

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10
Q

an inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and hence transferring them from one individual to another

A

fomite

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11
Q

an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another.

A

vector

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12
Q

how can herd immunity be acquired?

A

naturally acquired active immunity OR artificially acquired active immunity

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13
Q

basic reproduction number is the _____

A

number of additional cases for each 1 case

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14
Q

herd immunity is the _____

A

% of a population that needs to have immunity for herd immunity to be in effect

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15
Q

six protocols for clinical research protocol

A
  • social value
  • scientific validity
  • fair subject selection
  • acceptable risk-benefit ratio
  • informed consent
  • respect for enrolled subjects/participants
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16
Q

principle for scarce resource allocation: health maximization

A

resources allocated in such a way that the total beneficial impact on health is as large as possible

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17
Q

principles in scarce resource allocation: equity

A

ensure everyone has equal chance of receiving a scarce resource or having care

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18
Q

principle of scarce resource: personal responsibility

A

lower priority should be given to people whose health problems may relate to their own health behaviors; greater priority given to those who contribute to society

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19
Q

4 principles of allocating scarce resource

A

health maximization, equity, priority to the worst, personal responsibility

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20
Q

role of IRB

A

governing of human subjects research more successful

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21
Q

how many people die from tobacco?

A

7 million (890,000 from second hand)

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22
Q

how many chemicals are in secondhand smoke?

A

4,000+

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23
Q

(possible) violations of ethics protocols violated by the Stanford prison experiment

A
  • acceptable risk/benefit ratio

- respect for enrolled subjects/participants

24
Q

high prevalence group tobacco rates

A
  • youth girls

- lower-income countries including sub-Saharan Africa

25
Q

high prevalence group tobacco risks

A

-great risk to women, children, communities

26
Q

MPOWER goals

A
  • MONITOR tobacco use and prevention policies
    • PROTECT people from tobacco smoke
    • OFFER help to quit use
    • WARN about dangers of tobacco
    • ENFORCE bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
    • RAISE taxes on tobacco
27
Q

tending to blame others when it’s about others, and we tend to blame external factors when it’s about us

A

fundamental attribution error

28
Q

third party effect: tendency to estimate that others are more influenced than self

A

perceptual component

29
Q

stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

A
  • pre-contemplation
  • contemplation
  • preparation
  • action
  • maintenance
  • relapse
30
Q

people in the pre-contemplation stage usually are in one of these three categories…

A
  • unaware
  • in denial
  • tried in past, failed, no longer attempting
31
Q

meta-analysis importance from transtheoretical model importance…

A

a one standard deviation increase in PROS must occur and an

approximately one-half standard deviation decrease in CONS must occur.

32
Q

six building blocks to health belief model

A
  • perceived susceptibility
  • perceived severity
  • perceived benefits
  • perceived barriers
  • cues to action
  • self-efficacy
33
Q

building block that is… An individual’s belief that they will develop a disease/disease consequence, if he or she either does/doesnt engage in a
particular behavior

A

perceived susceptibility

34
Q

building block that says…An individual’s belief in the seriousness of the consequences of a disease or harmful condition

A

perceived severity

35
Q

a building block that says…an individual’s belief that there are advantages in taking action to reduce disease risk, over continuing actions that may icr. risk for disease

A

perceived benefits

36
Q

building block that says…impediments an individual faces when adopting a behavior

A

perceived barriers

37
Q

building block that says…environmental/internal triggers that increase/decrease the likelihood of an individuals engaging in a behavior

A

cues to action

38
Q

building block that says…an ind. belief/confidence in his/her ability to engage in a specified behavior or to overcome a barrier to engage

A

self-efficacy

39
Q

viewing other cultures solely through the “eyes” of own society

A

ethnocentrism

40
Q

recognizes that cultures differ and can be evaluated only according to their own standards and values

A

cultural relativism

41
Q

understanding the limits of cultural competence

A

cultural humility

42
Q 
nutritional deficiency 
resulting from lack of 
food or from the 
inability of the body to 
convert or absorb it
A

undernutrition

43
Q

lack of proper nutrition

A

malnutrition

44
Q

two way relationship with food: Infections affect ability to ___
and/or _____ food // poor nutrition reduces ______
(increases ________ to and
____ of infections/illness)

A

eat, absorb // immunity, susceptibility, length

45
Q

2020-2025 Dietary Guideline Overview

A
  • 6% energy from sugar intake or less
  • alcohol intake
  • non animal sources of protein
  • pregnancy/lactation, younger children (schools)
46
Q

prevalence of mental illness

A

790 million

47
Q

_____ is the leading cause of disability worldwide

A

depression

48
Q

Adults in U.S. with serious mental illness die

on average __ years earlier than others

A

25

49
Q

Which population(s) in MN experience the highest rates of mental illness? Of suicide?

A

whites // Men, American Indian

50
Q

What are the negative consequences of deinstitutionalization?

A

prison, homelessness

51
Q

“graphics”: knowledge, attitudes, preferences, likes/dislikes, values

A

psychographics

52
Q

“graphics”: age, income, marital status, where they live, occupation

A

demographics

53
Q

What are main features and tenets of risk communication?

A

trust, origin, nature, scope, awareness…….

54
Q

(a type of emotional regulation, not necessarily reasoning) people don’t want to feel like they’ve been doing something wrong; identifying things on the outside and identifying it as “other”/outgroup

A

motivated reasoning

55
Q

look for, see, and believe only the evidence that is in-line with my in-group’s currently held beliefs (NOT based off their demographics necessarily)

A

confirmation bias

56
Q

role of scientific literacy in risk communication

A

Literacy is more fully defined by what an individual might be able to do

57
Q

What have we learned from researching the deficit model of communication?

A

people make decisions not just based on “facts” but for complex reasons

x.Public Health (PUBH 3001) (3 decks)

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