exam 3 study guide Flashcards
Why have obesity rates changed so drastically in such a short period of time?
- increase in sitting at work
- increased portion sizes
- increased modes of transportation that are not active (biking v. cars)
What measurements are used to determine obesity?
BMI, waist circumference
What is the “double burden of disease”?
Many low and middle-income countries are now facing this // (infectious disease
and undernutrition as well as obesity and
overweight)
In addition to diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, obesity increases the risk of what other diseases?
mental health disorders, osteoarthritis, asthma, low back pain, colon/gallbladder/endometrial cancer, menstrual issues/infertility, sexual dysfunction
What do we know about different populations and the BMI?
- at same BMI, women tend to have more body fat than women
- at same BMI, older adults tend to have more body fat than younger adults
- highly trained athletes may have a high BMI due to incr. muscularity
Pros of using BMI?
Quick, cost effective, minimum technician training
Cons of using BMI?
only one indicator of related to risk to obesity related disease, need to consider wait measurement, need to consider other risk factors (BP, physical inactivity, etc.)
what are the current exercise guidelines?
-150 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic activity and muscle strengthening activities on 2+ days/week
OR
-75 minutes vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per
week and muscle strengthening
What are the adverse health effects of prolonged sitting?
- Production of fat-burning enzymes decreases by as much as 90%
- Slows body’s metabolism (impacts HDL)
- Directly tied to: heart disease, type II diabetes, breast/colon cancer
pollution inequality means…
black and Hispanic minorities bear a disproportionate burden from
the air pollution caused mainly by non-Hispanic whites
air pollution acute effects
respiratory tract infections; irritation to eyes, nose, throat; nausea; lethargy; etc
air pollution chronic effects
cancers; asthma, chronic respiratory disease; heart disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; etc
Why are children at greater risk of the negative health effects from environmental pollutants?
- Immaturity of respiratory tract
- Children close to mother (who is by fire/cooking source)
point source pollution: The pollution that comes from a ______, such as a _______
specific, identifiable source; pipe or channel
nonpoint source solution: the pollution that occurs
when ______ moves over or
through ____________.
rainfall or snowfall, ground that contains pollutants
groundwater pollution: pollution that develops
when _____ come into contact with and ____
in water that has ______
hazardous substances, dissolve, soaked into the soil
During what time of life do most deaths occur for infants?
the first week of life, with 1/4
taking place in the first 24 hours.
neonatal = \_\_\_\_\_ perinatal = \_\_\_\_\_
first month of life, first week of life
What are the two best indicators of child health and survival?
- birth weight
- period of gestation
- flexible, family-friendly policies result in _____
- paid parental leave is linked to ___________
- people with paid sick leave are more likely to ________
-economic benefits to employers
-lower infant mortality rates and better health for both infants and mothers.
-visit their health care providers for timely care
and recover more quickly from an illness.
what are benefits of breastfeeding?
- consists of proper vitamins, protein, fat
- consists of antibodies
- lowers risk of allergies
- lowers risk of breast/ovarian cancer
- release oxytocin which helps uterus return to pre-pregnancy size
List short term and long term negative health impacts of low birth weight
short term: risk of brain bleed, poor respiratory function,
long term: increased risk of allergens, risk of respiratory issues, learning difficulties, incr. risk of SIDS
benefits from slide on paid paternal leave
Allows people to avoid having to choose between
caring for families and keeping their jobs
• Provides financial security, particularly for folks who
cannot afford to take unpaid leave
• Helps children get a strong start in life
- More preventative care
- Reduced infant hospitalizations
• Improves business productivity
• Helps close the gender pay gap
• Reduces parental stress / improves mental health
Kangaroo Mother Care. Define and list benefits for mother/child
def: practiced on babies, usually on a preterm infant, where the infant is held skin-to-skin with his mother/father
benefits: Warmth, breastfeeding, stimulation, safety, affection
list of major contributors to child deaths
- limited access to health facilities
- vulnerability
- complications during pregnancy/delivery
- hunger/poverty
- hypothermia
- diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria
Describe a key intervention for reducing child mortality and morbidity, according to lecture
help the mother, address poverty/nutritional needs, assisting in breastfeeding, knowledge of kangaroo care,
What is the difference between an event and an emergency (according to public health emergency preparedness)?
an event becomes an emergency when there is the health systems cannot support the large need the public has
Four steps of public health emergency preparedness
Prevention
Mitigation
Response
Recover
what are 3 steps in the All-Hazards Planning?
- base plan
- functional annexes
- hazard annexes
a functional annex includes…
direction & control, communications,
health & medial, evacuation, resource management
a hazard annex includes…
flood, civil unrest, hurricane, hazardous
material, tornado
How were people doubly victimized in the North Minneapolis tornado emergency?
Lack of preventative services in rental upkeep/code mtx, then not letting people back into their homes after bc of code violations
What demographics are prioritized for door knocking during extreme heat events, and why?
- Individuals 65+, especially those who live alone
- Children
- Individuals with pre-existing disease conditions
- Individuals taking certain medications
More at risk for heat-related illnesses
Additional demographics in door-knocking:
No air-conditioning
• Low socioeconomic status
• Living in urban areas (urban heat island effect)
• Living in a topmost floor of a building
• Living alone and lacking social or family ties
• Prolonged exposure to heat and sun
Why did Kate use the quote “Plans are nothing. Planning is everything.” to describe the public health emergency preparedness process of planning?
planning is a continuous process; plans are written and need to be revised/practiced
Minnesota (summers/winters) are warming faster than (summers/winters)
winters faster than summers
What were scientists’ predictions about climate change? Were they correct?
thought to raise temp by 2.7 to 8.1 degrees F; actual might be 4.1 to 8.1 degrees F, more of midrange than lower range
Regions with certain vector borne diseases will _____ with ___________
increase with temperature zones changing
with climate change, there will be an _____ in violent conflicts (due to need to
__________, etc.)
increase, relocate/resource allocation
How soon is it that the vector is able to
transmit the disease?
The warmer it is, the shorter
the time frame
In the U.S., how many deaths do we see from gun-related homicides? How many deaths do we see from gun-related suicides?
More deaths from gun suicide than gun homicides
What do we know about funding for research on gun violence?
Gun rights spending is more than gun control spending // research funding is much less for its mortality rate
What is the difference between impulsive and targeted violence?
- Impulsive: carried out in the heat of the moment (an argument that escalates into assault)
- Targeted (predatory) violence: plann in advance of attack; directed toward an identified target (incidents of mass casualty gun violence)
Project safe neighboorhod project
-Nationwide program began in ___
-Involved ________ in cities across the country
- _______ in reducing gun violence, especially when tailored to gun violence
__________________________________
- 2001
- 94 U.S. attorneys
- successful, needs of specific communities
How does Minnesota compare to other states regarding regulation and banning of assault weapons?
MN regulates assault weapons, but does not ban them
population crash at carrying capacity
J curve
population stabilizes at carrying capacity
S curve
carrying capacity is: Number of organisms ______ by environment, if exceeds, ____ occurs
can be supported, crash
Explain the relationship between infant mortality and total fertility
Direct: decrease infant mortality, decrease total fertility
Explain the relationship between female literacy rate and population growth
Inverse relationship: as female literacy rate increases, population growth decreases
Describe an effective or promising intervention for aging health issues
Intergenerational facilities, prevention of falls, “Cycling without age”, promoting smoke-free lifestyle
stages of the demographic transition model
pre-modern
industrializing/urbanizing
mature industrial
post industrial
