Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

What virus initiated the start of virology?

A

tobacco mosaic disease (TMV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

an autoimmune reaction causing temporary paralysis due to the Zika virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why was the 2014 Ebola outbreak unprecedented?

A
  1. it changed air travel

2. changed health care protocols in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in the early 1790s, what did virus mean?

A

poison or poisonous slime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

contemporary (current) definition of viruses

A

submicroscopic agents capable of directing their replication inside living cells but that are not cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what was the original definition of viruses?

A

infectious agents that were able to pass through filters that retain or trap most known bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are viruses smaller or bigger than bacteria?

A

smaller (100 times smaller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

features of viruses

A
  • extremely small

- depend on a host cell to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why are viruses dependent on host cells to reproduce?

A

they are too small to carry enough genetic material to code for all of the gene products necessary to assemble a virus particle. instead, it directs the host’s cellular protein synthesis machinery to synthesize viral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the genome of a virus consists of…

A

one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the DNA or RNA of a virus can be…(single strand or double strand?)

A

either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are viruses alive? Why or why not?

A

no, because they are not cells, they require a host, and they do not use energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Receptor-binding protein

A
  • present on the outer surface of the virus particles

- adheres to receptors present on the surface of host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cellular receptors

A

function in processes such as chemical signaling to direct cells to divide, die, or allow certain chemicals to enter and exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chamberland porcelain ultrafilters

A

helped define viruses by separating them from bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

viruses that infect bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do we use to quantify the number of infectious bacteriophages in a given phage-containing sample?

A

bacteriophage plaque assays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a lytic infection?

A

when the host cell is lysed during phage infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a lysogenic infection?

A

infected host cells are not lysed and do not die during infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the steps of a lytic bacteriophage infection?

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. maturation
  5. release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during maturation?

A

New bacteriophages are assembled from the newly synthesized capsids and genomes, usually in a step-by-step process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens during the release phase?

A

New infectious bacteriophages are released from the host cell to infect adjacent cells and begin a new cycle of replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during the attachment phases?

A

phage attaches to host cell at a complementary receptor site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens during the penetration phase?

A

capsid remains outside the cell while viral genome enters host cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens during the biosynthesis phase?

A

The bacteriophage genome encodes proteins for the synthesis of new viral parts. The bacterial nucleic acid degrades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens during the biosynthesis phase?

A

The bacteriophage genome encodes proteins for the synthesis of new viral parts. The bacterial nucleic acid degrades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is single-virus tracking or live cell imaging?

A

a microscopy method developed in 2006 in which viral components and relevant cellular structures are labeled with fluorescent probes to track the fate of individual virus particles or viral components inside of live host cells in real time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is one of the earliest sources of evidence that viruses were present?

A

the mummy of Ramses V in 1157 BC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

centrifugal rash

A

a smallpox symptom made up of distinct crusts from pustular eruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

virophage

A

viruses that infect viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

retroid viruses

A

viruses that use reverse transcriptase to replicate their genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

obligatory mutualism

A

when a virus and host make a living off of each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

parasitoid wasps and polydnavirus

A

wasps “sting” catapillars, injecting them with their eggs and the polydnavirus (which paralyzes them), this allows the eggs to mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cryptic viruses

A

persistent viruses that establish lifelong associations with their hosts but do not cause disease in them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the capsid surface of the bacteriophage head is sticky because…

A

it contains a protein called highly antigenetic outer capsid (hoc) that binds to the Ig-like glycoproteins in the mucus of many organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what happens with bacteriophage adhering to host mucus (BAM) community?

A

the phages kill the potentially harmful bacteria in the mucus of metazoans

38
Q

latency

A

when virus particles are not being produced

39
Q

bacteriophage therapy

A

primarily used before antibiotics to treat bacterial infections

40
Q

superbugs

A

bacteria that cannot be killed with strong antibiotics and instead are treated with bacteriophages

41
Q

biofilms

A

bacterial communities containing different types of bacteria that attach to a surface and form a protective slime layer to resist the effects of antibiotics

42
Q

what is the word vaccine derived from and what does it mean?

A

derived from vacca, the latin word for cow

43
Q

what is the connection between milkmaids and the smallpox vaccine?

A

edward jenner observed that the milkmaids who had aquired cowpox from cows udders did not get smallpox

44
Q

what do koch’s postulates determine?

A

they determine which specific bacterium causes a specific disease

45
Q

what is virotherapy?

A

the use of oncolytic viruses to kill cancer cells

46
Q

what are oncolytic viruses?

A

viruses that are able to selectively replicate inside of cancer cells and kill them but do not harm neighboring healthy cells

47
Q

portal of entry

A

body orifices which viruses can enter through to infect the host

48
Q

reservoir

A

a place when viruses accumulate and persist in nature

49
Q

transmission is the bridge between…

A

the reservoir and the portal of entry

50
Q

direct transmission

A

when a viral infection is spread from person to person, through droplets, saliva, sex, etc.

51
Q

in order for a viral infection/disease to spread within a community, there needs to be a

A

portal of exit

52
Q

what is the passage of indirect transmission?

A

reservoir to an intermediate agent to host

53
Q

what are examples of indirect transmission?

A

contaminated food, water, or fomites (among others)

54
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that can harbor viruses

55
Q

is the bite of an infected insect direct or indirect transmission?

A

indirect

56
Q

what is pathogenesis?

A

the process by which a viral infection causes disease

57
Q

apoptosis

A

when a viral infection causes direct damage to cells through cell death

58
Q

cytokines

A

released by immune cells to promote inflammation in response to infection, which causes cell

59
Q

explain how pathogenesis can be caused by disruption of normal cellular functions

A

can impair translation or inhibit the process of cell membrane trafficking

60
Q

what is the most contagious viral disease suffered by humans?

A

measles

61
Q

People are _____% virus. Explain how.

A

8%

62
Q

unicellular organisms can be arranged in order of…

A

decreasing size and complexity (protozoa to fungi to bacteria)

63
Q

Characters of unicellular organisms as DNA or RNA?

A
  • DNA as genetic repository
  • also contain RNA
  • have their own machinery for producing energy and macromolecules
  • grow by synthesizing nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • most multiply by binary fission
64
Q

Viruses are NOT cells because…

A
  • they possess no functional organelles
  • they do not produce their own energy or macromolecules
  • they do not contain both DNA and RNA (they contain one or the other)
65
Q

what are virions and how are they formed?

A

virions are progeny infectious virus particles which are formed from newly synthesized components within the host cell

66
Q

a progeny virion is the…

A

vehicle for transmission of the viral genome to the next host cell or organism

67
Q

Who discovered microorganisms and how did they describe them?

A

Leeuwenhoek, who observed “wee animalcules in drops of rain or sea water”

68
Q

What is Spontaneous Generation?

A

the production of living organisms from nonliving matter

69
Q

What did Robert Koch show?

A

he showed the association of particular microorganisms with disease

70
Q

What are Kochs Postulates?

A
  1. the organism must be regularly associated with the disease and its characteristic lesions
  2. the organism must be isolated from the disease host and grown in a culture
  3. the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the organism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host
  4. the same organism must be preisolated from the experimentally infected hosh
71
Q

What did Dimitri Ivanovsky observe?

A

that the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was not retained by a filter, but he thought the filter malfunctioned.

72
Q

In 1898, students of Koch, Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch, observed that…

A
  • the causative agent of foot and mouth disease was filterable
  • the causative agent could replicate only in the host organism and did not replicate in solutions that support bacteria growth
73
Q

Who were the first to recognize viruses that infect bacteria?

A
  • Frederick Twort (1915) and Felix d’Herelle (1917) were the first to recognize viruses that infect bacteria.
  • d’Herelle called them bacteriophages (eaters of bacteria)
74
Q

What virus is connected to cervical cancer?

A

papillomaviruses

75
Q

99% of all cervical cancers test positive for…

A

one or more high risk type HPV

76
Q

Liver cancer is often linked to…

A

hepatitis B and C viruses

77
Q

Persistent infection with high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) can lead to…

A

development of anogenital cancer (including cervical cancer)

78
Q

HR-HPV are considered types

A

16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 68

79
Q

Types 6 and 11 HPV are associated with…

A

genital warts

80
Q

Types 16 and 18 HPV are…

A

oncogenic (causing development of tumors) and associated with anogenital (relating to the anus and genitals) cancer

81
Q

Guardasil 9 protects against

A

HR- 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 and 6 and 11

82
Q

What is controversial about Guardasil 9?

A

it is for sexually transmitted viruses but is recommended to be given to young girls

83
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

84
Q

When were the first cases of HIV in the US? What happened?

A

in 1981 when clusters of Kaposi’s sarcoma were reported in young homosexual male patients in San Fran and NY

85
Q

virion

A

the intact virus particle

86
Q

capsid (or nucleocapsid)

A

the protein coat

87
Q

capsomeres

A

the protein structural units of which the capsid is composed

88
Q

envelope

A

the particles of many viruses are surrounded by a lipoprotein membrane containing viral antigens and derived from the host cell membranes

89
Q

virus shapes

A
  1. icosahedral
  2. helical
  3. complex
90
Q

enveloped viruses acquire envelopes at…

A

a variety of intracellular membranes

91
Q

the site of assembly is determined by…

A

the intracellular localization of envelop proteins

Virology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions