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Virology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

______ viruses are the leading cause of human viral disease.

A

herpes

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2
Q

Herpes comes from the word ________, meaning…

A

herpein, meaning to creep

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3
Q

Describe Herpesviridae

A
  • envelope obtained from inner nuclear membrane

- the capsid is icosahedral with 162 donut shaped capsomeres

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4
Q

Herpesvirus genomes

A
  • large
  • linear, double stranded DNA
  • 35 proteins
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5
Q

what do all herpesvirus proteins encode for?

A

enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protein processing

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6
Q

describe VZV (Varicella Zoster Virus)

A
  • causes chickenpox and shingles

- VZV is the only herpesvirus that spreads person-to-person

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7
Q

how long after infection with Varicella Zoster Virus

A

10-21 days

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8
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus

A

chickenpox

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9
Q

How does Varicella Zoster Virus infect?

A

infects the skin or mucosa of the respiratory tract and progresses through the blood and lymphatic system of the reticulo-endothelial system

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10
Q

adult complications of chickenpox

A
  • pneumonia
  • bacterial infection of the skin
  • swelling of the brain
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11
Q

where does VZV remain dormant after initial infection?

A

in the dorsal root ganglia (neurons of the nerve roots)

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12
Q

the relationship between VZV and AIDS patients

A

chronic shingles may occur in AIDS patients

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13
Q

describe Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A
  • common in human populations (40-70% in US)
  • not serious in most people
  • remains dormant for the rest of persons life
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14
Q

CMV and pregnancy

A
  • 1-3% of women get infected with CMV while pregnant (in the US)
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15
Q

developing babies (neonates) can be inflicted with the following if their mother is infected

A
  • hearing loss
  • visual impairment
  • varying degrees of mental retardation
  • motor problems
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16
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes ______ of the infectious mononucleosis cases

A

79%

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17
Q

what is the incubation period of EBV?

A

4-6 weeks

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18
Q

Does EBV remain latent?

A

yes, in the throat and blood for the rest of the patients life

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19
Q

how does herpesvirus get its envelope?

A

a double envelopment process

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20
Q

How to DESTROY the herpesvirus envelope

A
  • it is fragile!

- easily disrupted by heat, desiccation, 70% alcohol, soap, and detergents

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21
Q

when exposed to air, herpesvirus…

A

desicates! therefore, it can not be transmitted by toilet seats

22
Q

HIV is in the family…

A

Retroviridae

23
Q

HIV is a lentivirus, which means…

A

the viruses take a long time to cause overt disease

24
Q

many lentiviruses target…

A

immune cells and lead to immunodeficiency

25
Q

examples of lentiviruses

A
  • HIV
  • bovine immunodeficiency virus
  • feline immunodeficiency virus
  • simian immunodeficiency virus
26
Q

types of HIV

A

HIV-1: globally distributed

HIV-2: primarily in west Africa (longer period of time before disease onset)

27
Q

where does HIV remain?

A

CD4+T cells, which help B cells (making antibodies) and Tc cells

28
Q

describe HIV

A

+ssRNA

  • retrovirus
  • no oncogene, 9 ORFs cleaved into 15 proteins
29
Q

true or false, antibodies can be detected against all HIV proteins

A

true

30
Q

HIV expresses two…

A

glycoproteins, expressed from the Env gene:

1. gp160

31
Q

in HIV, what enzymes are expressed from the Pol gene?

A
  1. RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (RT)
  2. Integrase
  3. Protease
32
Q

what are the proteins cleaved from the GAG poly protein? (HIV)

A
  1. MA (matrix)
  2. CA (capsid)
  3. NC (nucleocapsid)
  4. p6
33
Q

the POL protein (HIV) is cleaved into…

A
  1. PR (protease)
  2. RT (reverse transcriptase)
  3. IN (integrase)
34
Q

difference in the genomes of HIV 1 and HIV 2

A

1: VPU

2. VPX

35
Q

which place is most afflicted with HIV?

A

sub Sahara africa

36
Q

HIV most likely came about because…

A

hunters were infected through the blood of moneys then spread to the carribean and then the US

37
Q

HIV was first identified…

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma in young gay men in 1981

38
Q

HIV is diploid, what does that mean?

A

it brings in two copies of its genome

39
Q

because HIV is +ssDNA, we would expect it to be translated right away, however…

A

brings RT to convert RNA it DNA (RNA and DNA hybrid)

RNA is depleted by RT

40
Q

oncogenes…

A

drive the cell through the cell cycle

41
Q

LTR

A
  • long terminal repeat

- integration and transcription

42
Q

gp120 is processed in the…

A

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

gp120 gives the fusion peptide the abilityy to cause…

A

the envelop to fuse with the plasma membrane

44
Q

how does NEV help HIV “hide”?

A

reduces expression of MHC lass 1

45
Q

Tat (hiv)…

A

stimulates transcription

46
Q

cure for HIV is most likely going to be through…

A

CCR5 (delta 32 is the variation)

47
Q

how to cure HIV

A
  • edit genes

- bone marrow trsnsplant

48
Q

inhibitors of acitification of the en dosome (HIV) will…

A

do nothing

49
Q

in HIV, RT happens in the…

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

Tat increases HIV transcription by…

A

binding to TAR

51
Q

LATS

A

latency associated transcripts

Virology (5 decks)

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