Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Aging and Adulthood > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Know a scholastic theory

A

Wear and Tear, Immunology, Free Radical Theory, etc….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Whats the difference between lifespan and life expectancy?

A

Lifespan is how long the oldest in the species has lived, Life expectancy is 50% or more when people die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What protein or gene is associated with longevity?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between cross- sectional and longitudinal studies?

A

Cross-sectional is snapshot, and longitudinal is over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the life course theory?

A

Aging occurs from birth to death
Aging involves biological, psychological and sociological processes
Experiences during aging are shaped by historical factors and effect individual aging from multiple perspectives (Bio, psycho and socio).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Progeria

A

accelerated aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes progeria

A

Mutation is gene called LMNA which produces the Lamin A protein, which is the structural part of the cell (holds it together) in Progeria its defective structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Werner Syndrome

A

premature aging, old by 30-40 (wrinkled skin, baldness, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Werner Syndrome caused?

A

it is a predicted helicase
DNA-type helicases are required to maintain genomic integrity in cells.
Biochemical and cell biological studies suggest that WRN protein is involved in DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription as well as combined functions such as DNA repair during replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Centenarian Studies

A

Database and Clinical Analysis

Can be studied by human tissue grown in vitro to study cellular aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reliability

A

measures performance repeatedly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Validity

A

measures what you think it measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Systematic Observation

A

recording observations BUT with detail. Separate inference from observation as opposed to casual observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Experiment

A

Variable is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is the independent variable manipulated or observed?

A

Manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the dependent variable manipulated or observed?

A

Observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Correlational, and is it manipulated or observed?

A

examine relationships between variables as they exist- nothing is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Case study

A

study of an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Age effect

A

caused by aging in any form (B, P, S) not necesscarily chronological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cohort Effect

A

generational differences war, great depression, lifestyle of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Period Effect

A

change that occurred at a particular time that may have influenced outcome-change in public policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are three confounds to aging?

A

Age, Cohort, Period Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two main things we need to know about Cell Death

A

Apoptosis, Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Supporting cells to neurons

A

Oligodenrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Glia means=

A

glue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the functions of glia?

A

Form myelin, guide to migration during neuron development, regulate the neuron microenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are uses for Myelin?

A

Sheath that wraps around axon, helps action potentials happen faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does glia regulate?

A

removing debris, helps insulate neurons so that they only talk to one another, creates restricted extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Found in white matter of CNS, and forms myelin by wrapping in a spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Does a myelin have cytoplasm? What is it made out of?

A

No, plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Astrocytes

A

Start-shaped, high permeability to K, regulates calcium, and removes glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Microglia

A

Brains immune system, help after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Neurons (Grey and White Matter)

A

Grey-cell body (cortex-outer layer)

White- Myelenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Transport of the material

A

Proteins, organelles, etc go from soma to axon by microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dendrites

A

info TO cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Axons

A

info FROM cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is contained in the presynaptic terminal?

A

neurotransmitters, cell organelles, and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is contained in the post synaptic terminal?

A

receptor sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

All or None Law

A

if there is not enough build up the neuron will not create an AP, and if there is then there is no stopping the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What channels are opened and closed during an AP

A

Sodium channels are opened at the beginning then close for K channels to open and close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where are neurotransmitters made and stored?

A

Cell body, and vesicles

44
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) and vesicles

A

this is a gas a not stored in synaptic vesicles, instead it is released soon after it is produced and then diffuses out of the neuron

45
Q

Neurotransmitters are what-specific

A

Receptor

46
Q

What are 4 forms of inactivations of neurotransmitters?

A

Diffusion, Enzymatic Degradation, glial cells, reuptake

47
Q

Diffusion

A

the neurotransmitter drifts away, out of the synaptic cleft

48
Q

Enzymatic Degradation

A

ex: acetylcholinesteras is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

49
Q

Glial Cells in relation to inactivation

A

remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

50
Q

Reuptake

A

the whole neurotransmitter molecule is taken back up into the axon terminal that released it (NE, Dopamine, Serotonin)

51
Q

Example of Inhibitory Transmitter (2)

A

GABA, Glycine

52
Q

Example of Excitatory Transmitter (2)

A

Glutamate, Acetylcholine

53
Q

Does Glutamate depolarize or hyperpolarize with what?

A

depolarizes (allowing positive charge into cell) with NA, K, CA

54
Q

Does GABA depolarize or hyperpolarize with what?

A

hyperpolarizes with Cl

55
Q

How do the two brain hemispheres communicate?

A

Corpus Callosum (bundle of fibers)

56
Q

Cortex

A

The foldings of the brain
Gyri- bump or bulge
Sulci- Groove

57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thought, Language, Reasoning, Perception, Voluntary Movement

58
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement, Balance, Posture

59
Q

Brainstem structures include (5)

A

reticular formation, pons, medulla, tectum, tegmentum

60
Q

Brainstem functions

A

basic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure

61
Q

Hypothalamus

A

body temp, emotions, hunger thirst, circadian rythems

62
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory and Motor Integrations

63
Q

Limbic System

A

Controls emotions, emotional response, hormone secretions, mood, motivations, pain and pleasure

64
Q

Hippocampus

A

important for memory and learning

short-long term memory

65
Q

Basal Ganglia Structures

A 
COORDINATING MOVEMENT
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
subthalamic nucleus
putamen 
substantia nigra
66
Q

Golgi

A

all proteins targeted to the membrane or lysosomes have to go through here from the rough ER
Known as “Traffic Police”- sorts proteins to destinations posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation

67
Q

Lysosomes

A

Garbage disposal
Full of acid-hydrolases and degraded organelles
Deal primarily with:
-extracellular proteins
- cell-surface membrane proteins are used in receptor-mediated endocytosis
-proteins engulfed by autophagosomes

68
Q

Proteasome

A
  • Not an organelle
  • Deals with endogenous proteins (ones synthesized within the cell) such as cyclins and proteins with viruses or folded incorrectly
69
Q

Ubiquitin

A

small protein used by all members of kingdoms to target proteins for destruction

70
Q

What is Murphy’s Law?

A

anything that can go wrong will go wrong

71
Q

Major Hypothesis of….?

A 
Calcium deregulation (increased)
•Oxidative Stress (increased)
•Excitotoxicity (Glutamate – increased)
•Cholinergic (decreased)
•Hormone (decreased or increased)
72
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging

A

Alzheimer’s
•Huntington’s
•Parkinson’s

73
Q

Causes of dementia

A

Psychological, Degenerative, Vascular, Infection, Toxic/Metabolic, Trauma, Tumors

74
Q

Dementia Ex. Degenerative

A

ad, pd

75
Q

Dementia Ex. Psychological

A

Depression, Drug Use

76
Q

Dementia Ex. Vascular

A

Multiple Infarction Dementia, Vasculitis

77
Q

Dementia Ex. Infection

A

AIDS, Post-Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

78
Q

Dementia Ex. Toxic/Metabolic

A

B12 deficiency, thyroid deficiency

79
Q

Dementia Ex. Tumors

A

tumors or other: symptomatic hydrocephalus

80
Q

Lifecourse approach to aging

A

birth-death, involves P,S,B,

81
Q

What is “normal aging”

A

includes things such as menopause, decreased renal function (everybody goes through it)

82
Q

What is pathological aging?

A

Things like cancer

83
Q

Why has lifespan not changed?

A

GENES, the life of a fruitfly has always been the same, the concept applies to humans as well (species specific)

84
Q

Homeostasis

A

as we age our ability to maintain homeostasis is diminished

85
Q

Adv. and Dis. of animal models

A

Animals age faster(time is money)

PETA

86
Q

What is the cellular aging process?

A

CA-S (can affect society by…. see notes)

S-CA (can affect ca by things like smoking)

87
Q

conjecture (c,h,t,l)

A

based on no reasoning

88
Q

What is a stochastic theory?

A

random damage vs genetic? look up

89
Q

somatic mutation theory

A

not inheritable, ionizing radiation causes this and it’s not necesscarily related to aging but rather cancer etc.

90
Q

DNA-repair theory

A

decreased ability to repair DNA

91
Q

Protein Modification Theory

A

“Oxidation Theory” bad things happen to proteins and proteins are the building blocks of DNA

92
Q

Hormonal Theory

A

women live longer than men (looks at estrogen and testosterone)

93
Q

Immunologic Theory

A

Autoimmune (not recognizing self from nonself) and Immune Deficiency (immune system weakens)

94
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

Free radical modifications of DNA, protein, and lipids, free radical is anything without a paired electron, also includes oxidative stres

95
Q

Defense against free radicals

A

GSH (Glutathione)

major antioxidant in the brain

96
Q

Superoxidase Dismutase

A

converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen

Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

97
Q

Mitochondria

A

power generators of cell

converts nutrients to ATP

98
Q

Wear and Tear Theory

A

“failure to repair” concept, we wear down

99
Q

Disposable Soma Theory

A

Best using your energy to reproduce to pass on genes (ties into evolution and nat. select.)

100
Q

Fecundity vs. Longevity

A

r-selected- have a lot of offspring and pray that they survive
k-selected- have few offspring and stay around

101
Q

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

A

When you have a trait to do one thing and can cause another thing to happen, for instance bird mating call can attract mates and predators

102
Q

Genetic Programmed Theory

A

telomere shortening, heat shock proteins, longevity genes

103
Q

Telomere shortening

A

telomeres cap off dna

eventually can’t replicate

104
Q

longevity genes

A

several genes are implicated in extending lifespan

105
Q

Heat Shock Proteins

A

stress proteins that are induced when a cell undergoes environmental stress (heat, cold, oxy deprivation)
chaperones in cells

Aging and Adulthood (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions