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Aging and Adulthood > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Know a scholastic theory

A

Wear and Tear, Immunology, Free Radical Theory, etc….

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2
Q

Whats the difference between lifespan and life expectancy?

A

Lifespan is how long the oldest in the species has lived, Life expectancy is 50% or more when people die

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3
Q

What protein or gene is associated with longevity?

A

Insulin

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4
Q

What is the difference between cross- sectional and longitudinal studies?

A

Cross-sectional is snapshot, and longitudinal is over time

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5
Q

What is the life course theory?

A

Aging occurs from birth to death
Aging involves biological, psychological and sociological processes
Experiences during aging are shaped by historical factors and effect individual aging from multiple perspectives (Bio, psycho and socio).

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6
Q

Progeria

A

accelerated aging

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7
Q

What causes progeria

A

Mutation is gene called LMNA which produces the Lamin A protein, which is the structural part of the cell (holds it together) in Progeria its defective structure

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8
Q

Werner Syndrome

A

premature aging, old by 30-40 (wrinkled skin, baldness, etc)

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9
Q

How is Werner Syndrome caused?

A

it is a predicted helicase
DNA-type helicases are required to maintain genomic integrity in cells.
Biochemical and cell biological studies suggest that WRN protein is involved in DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription as well as combined functions such as DNA repair during replication.

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10
Q

Centenarian Studies

A

Database and Clinical Analysis

Can be studied by human tissue grown in vitro to study cellular aging

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11
Q

Reliability

A

measures performance repeatedly

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12
Q

Validity

A

measures what you think it measures

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13
Q

Systematic Observation

A

recording observations BUT with detail. Separate inference from observation as opposed to casual observation

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14
Q

Experiment

A

Variable is manipulated

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15
Q

Is the independent variable manipulated or observed?

A

Manipulated

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16
Q

Is the dependent variable manipulated or observed?

A

Observed

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17
Q

Correlational, and is it manipulated or observed?

A

examine relationships between variables as they exist- nothing is manipulated

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18
Q

Case study

A

study of an individual

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19
Q

Age effect

A

caused by aging in any form (B, P, S) not necesscarily chronological

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20
Q

Cohort Effect

A

generational differences war, great depression, lifestyle of the time

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21
Q

Period Effect

A

change that occurred at a particular time that may have influenced outcome-change in public policy

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22
Q

What are three confounds to aging?

A

Age, Cohort, Period Effect

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23
Q

What are the two main things we need to know about Cell Death

A

Apoptosis, Necrosis

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24
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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25
Supporting cells to neurons
Oligodenrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia
26
Glia means=
glue
27
What are the functions of glia?
Form myelin, guide to migration during neuron development, regulate the neuron microenvironment
28
What are uses for Myelin?
Sheath that wraps around axon, helps action potentials happen faster
29
How does glia regulate?
removing debris, helps insulate neurons so that they only talk to one another, creates restricted extracellular space
30
Oligodendrocytes
Found in white matter of CNS, and forms myelin by wrapping in a spiral
31
Does a myelin have cytoplasm? What is it made out of?
No, plasma membrane
32
Schwann Cells
PNS
33
Astrocytes
Start-shaped, high permeability to K, regulates calcium, and removes glutamate
34
Microglia
Brains immune system, help after injury
35
Neurons (Grey and White Matter)
Grey-cell body (cortex-outer layer) | White- Myelenated
36
Transport of the material
Proteins, organelles, etc go from soma to axon by microtubules
37
Dendrites
info TO cell body
38
Axons
info FROM cell body
39
What is contained in the presynaptic terminal?
neurotransmitters, cell organelles, and mitochondria
40
What is contained in the post synaptic terminal?
receptor sites
41
All or None Law
if there is not enough build up the neuron will not create an AP, and if there is then there is no stopping the AP
42
What channels are opened and closed during an AP
Sodium channels are opened at the beginning then close for K channels to open and close
43
Where are neurotransmitters made and stored?
Cell body, and vesicles
44
Nitric Oxide (NO) and vesicles
this is a gas a not stored in synaptic vesicles, instead it is released soon after it is produced and then diffuses out of the neuron
45
Neurotransmitters are what-specific
Receptor
46
What are 4 forms of inactivations of neurotransmitters?
Diffusion, Enzymatic Degradation, glial cells, reuptake
47
Diffusion
the neurotransmitter drifts away, out of the synaptic cleft
48
Enzymatic Degradation
ex: acetylcholinesteras is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
49
Glial Cells in relation to inactivation
remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft
50
Reuptake
the whole neurotransmitter molecule is taken back up into the axon terminal that released it (NE, Dopamine, Serotonin)
51
Example of Inhibitory Transmitter (2)
GABA, Glycine
52
Example of Excitatory Transmitter (2)
Glutamate, Acetylcholine
53
Does Glutamate depolarize or hyperpolarize with what?
depolarizes (allowing positive charge into cell) with NA, K, CA
54
Does GABA depolarize or hyperpolarize with what?
hyperpolarizes with Cl
55
How do the two brain hemispheres communicate?
Corpus Callosum (bundle of fibers)
56
Cortex
The foldings of the brain Gyri- bump or bulge Sulci- Groove
57
Cerebral Cortex
Thought, Language, Reasoning, Perception, Voluntary Movement
58
Cerebellum
Movement, Balance, Posture
59
Brainstem structures include (5)
reticular formation, pons, medulla, tectum, tegmentum
60
Brainstem functions
basic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure
61
Hypothalamus
body temp, emotions, hunger thirst, circadian rythems
62
Thalamus
Sensory and Motor Integrations
63
Limbic System
Controls emotions, emotional response, hormone secretions, mood, motivations, pain and pleasure
64
Hippocampus
important for memory and learning | short-long term memory
65
Basal Ganglia Structures
``` COORDINATING MOVEMENT globus pallidus caudate nucleus subthalamic nucleus putamen substantia nigra ```
66
Golgi
all proteins targeted to the membrane or lysosomes have to go through here from the rough ER Known as "Traffic Police"- sorts proteins to destinations posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation
67
Lysosomes
Garbage disposal Full of acid-hydrolases and degraded organelles Deal primarily with: -extracellular proteins - cell-surface membrane proteins are used in receptor-mediated endocytosis -proteins engulfed by autophagosomes
68
Proteasome
- Not an organelle - Deals with endogenous proteins (ones synthesized within the cell) such as cyclins and proteins with viruses or folded incorrectly
69
Ubiquitin
small protein used by all members of kingdoms to target proteins for destruction
70
What is Murphy's Law?
anything that can go wrong will go wrong
71
Major Hypothesis of....?
``` Calcium deregulation (increased) •Oxidative Stress (increased) •Excitotoxicity (Glutamate – increased) •Cholinergic (decreased) •Hormone (decreased or increased) ```
72
Neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging
Alzheimer’s •Huntington’s •Parkinson’s
73
Causes of dementia
Psychological, Degenerative, Vascular, Infection, Toxic/Metabolic, Trauma, Tumors
74
Dementia Ex. Degenerative
ad, pd
75
Dementia Ex. Psychological
Depression, Drug Use
76
Dementia Ex. Vascular
Multiple Infarction Dementia, Vasculitis
77
Dementia Ex. Infection
AIDS, Post-Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
78
Dementia Ex. Toxic/Metabolic
B12 deficiency, thyroid deficiency
79
Dementia Ex. Tumors
tumors or other: symptomatic hydrocephalus
80
Lifecourse approach to aging
birth-death, involves P,S,B,
81
What is "normal aging"
includes things such as menopause, decreased renal function (everybody goes through it)
82
What is pathological aging?
Things like cancer
83
Why has lifespan not changed?
GENES, the life of a fruitfly has always been the same, the concept applies to humans as well (species specific)
84
Homeostasis
as we age our ability to maintain homeostasis is diminished
85
Adv. and Dis. of animal models
Animals age faster(time is money) | PETA
86
What is the cellular aging process?
CA-S (can affect society by.... see notes) | S-CA (can affect ca by things like smoking)
87
conjecture (c,h,t,l)
based on no reasoning
88
What is a stochastic theory?
random damage vs genetic? look up
89
somatic mutation theory
not inheritable, ionizing radiation causes this and it's not necesscarily related to aging but rather cancer etc.
90
DNA-repair theory
decreased ability to repair DNA
91
Protein Modification Theory
"Oxidation Theory" bad things happen to proteins and proteins are the building blocks of DNA
92
Hormonal Theory
women live longer than men (looks at estrogen and testosterone)
93
Immunologic Theory
Autoimmune (not recognizing self from nonself) and Immune Deficiency (immune system weakens)
94
Free Radical Theory
Free radical modifications of DNA, protein, and lipids, free radical is anything without a paired electron, also includes oxidative stres
95
Defense against free radicals
GSH (Glutathione) | major antioxidant in the brain
96
Superoxidase Dismutase
converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen | Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
97
Mitochondria
power generators of cell | converts nutrients to ATP
98
Wear and Tear Theory
"failure to repair" concept, we wear down
99
Disposable Soma Theory
Best using your energy to reproduce to pass on genes (ties into evolution and nat. select.)
100
Fecundity vs. Longevity
r-selected- have a lot of offspring and pray that they survive k-selected- have few offspring and stay around
101
Antagonistic Pleiotropy
When you have a trait to do one thing and can cause another thing to happen, for instance bird mating call can attract mates and predators
102
Genetic Programmed Theory
telomere shortening, heat shock proteins, longevity genes
103
Telomere shortening
telomeres cap off dna | eventually can't replicate
104
longevity genes
several genes are implicated in extending lifespan
105
Heat Shock Proteins
stress proteins that are induced when a cell undergoes environmental stress (heat, cold, oxy deprivation) chaperones in cells

Aging and Adulthood (5 decks)

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