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Aging and Adulthood > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

**What are three potential causes of dementia and examples of each?

A

Psychiatric (Depression)
Toxic/Metabolic (B12 Deficiency)
Vascular (Vasculitis)

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2
Q

What are the 5 cognitive or behavioral symptoms associated with dementia?

A

Inference with the ability to function usual activities
Represent a decline from previous levels of functioning
Not explained by any psychiatric disorder
Cognitive impairment is detected
Impaired in minimum of two ways: impaired reasoning, acquire and remember new information

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3
Q

Name three things you can do to help dementia?

A

Get evaluated by someone specialized in that field
Eat fruits and veggies
Antioxidants

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4
Q

What are antioxidants role in the brain in relation to dementia?

A

Look this up ad aa exam 3 slide 16

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5
Q

**What is cognitive reserve?

A

People who have higher education are more resistant to AD, than people who aren’t. They are smarter, then have more dendrites, and therefore can resist dementia-causing agents

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6
Q

Why is acute stress good?

A

Exercise is an acute stressor because it forms antioxidants, and triggers them to rid of it
When you wear the system out, then it’s no longer strong and able to cope
Acute stress teaches you to coach
Acute Inflamation- Mosquito bite, inflammation is good because its whats happening at a cellular level to fight it
If it was chronic that would be bad
The same thing happens with AD (Inflamaging)
Microglia and Astrocytes can react and create free radicals (H202 peroxide, it oxidizes your cut), when they do this it basically destroys the lipids, dna etc

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7
Q

*** 1907 study where they studies the brain of a 51 year old woman

A

He stained her brain and described the classical findings of fibrils in cells that are tangles together and amyloid plaques (which are classical pathological findings in AD)

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8
Q

Pathology of AD

A 
Intracellular inclusion (aggregates) (primarily of the microtubule-associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated state)
Extracellular inclusions of Beta-amyloid – derived from Amyloid Precursor Protein
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9
Q

What is the strongest evidence for the key role of amyloid in the pathogenesis of AD?

A

genetic evidence from families with APP mutations

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10
Q

What are the two genetic variables in AD?

don’t know how impt

A

Presenilin 1 on chromosome 14

Presenilin 2 on chromosome 1

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11
Q

What is mild cog. impairment (MCI)?

A

This is a research pool as well, but a middle ground for those who don’t quite classify as dementia

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12
Q

What is the cholinergic hypothesis of AD?

A

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors are used to possibly treat AD for a little while but in the end it doesn’t. Based off of

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13
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The application of knowledge

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14
Q

What is super intelligence?

A

Thinks outside the dots

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15
Q

Life span perspective on intelligence 4 factors:

A

Multidimensionality, multi directionality, plasticity, interindividual variability

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16
Q

Name and describe 2 life span perspective factors

A 
Interindividual variability (people differ) 
Multidirectioanlity (many ways it develops over lifespan
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17
Q

IQ- testing cognitive structural approach

A

Assessment of ‘wisdom’ – i.e. how do you think and arrive at answers rather than the answers themselves or the score

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18
Q

IQ testing – psychometric approach

A

Tests whether you know it or not – less about the thought process

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19
Q

Age issues with IQ testing

A

As we age we change focus from accumulation of knowledge to application
To be successful one has to apply and adapt knowledge, not just give information back

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20
Q

Older adults IQ testing

A

Problem with OA (older adults) they have decreased sensation, perception, and they overall are slower so it’s not a good measure, Fewer test taking skills/ more anxiety

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21
Q

Motivation and IQ testing

A

We see in research that older adults are not motivated
Example- PRP (we as students want extra credit), older adults may get a Walmart card
Discussed stages from previous lesson as to why were more motivated
Its much easier for adults to get motivated on a subject that pertains to them (such as dementia

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22
Q

Factors of intelligence

A

When the responses correlate with each other you have less questions
For example, if five of the qs equal the other five then you can take them out
This saves time

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23
Q

Primary abilities

A

Relationship amongst performance on different intelligence tests
Word fluency – verbally describe objects

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24
Q

Primary abilities and age

A

Schaie’s work suggests that they decline around age 50-60some are faster –There is an increase between 25-40 and we don’t fall to the 25 year old level until 70s in some domains

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25
Q

Secondary mental abilities

A

Relationships between the primary mental abilities
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence

26
Q

Crystallized intelligence – knowing relationships based on experience - knowledge, judgment, - like jeopardy –
primary abilities of verbal comprehension, concept formation, logical reasoning

A

knowing relationships based on experience - knowledge, judgment, - like jeopardy –
primary abilities of verbal comprehension, concept formation, logical reasoning

27
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

seeing new relationships – how to respond to a new situation – draw inferences
Primary abilities of figural flexibility, integration
What letter comes next in a sequence
What is the relationship between set of circles etc.,
Dr. Lisa Blalock has this as part of a study

28
Q

Secondary changes and age

A

Fluid intelligence declines with age while crystallized intelligence increases even though IQ remains flat
Further evidence that intelligence measures are variable dependent-upon what one measures

29
Q

Why does crystalized intelligence increase with age?

A

you add information every day (you learn something new every day)

30
Q

Fluid decreases because

A
  • (biologically speaking- working memory declining), sturggle with divided attention? (get set in their ways?)
31
Q

Name two variables suggested to reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age (Schaie 1994)

A
  • Rating one’s self as being satisfied with one’s life’s accomplishment in midlife or early old age
  • Being married to a spouse with high cognitive status.
32
Q

What is the main cohort effect when measuring intelligence?

A

School has changed!!!!! This was his answer, most older adults don’t have degrees and nowadays there are tons of degrees. An example that affects this is the war that happened
Another effect is gender differences (this was a student example), culture has changed, economy has changed)

33
Q

Information processing effect

A

Processing speed slows with time

Interference issues with adults

34
Q

Social and lifestyle variables

A

Strong social bonds

Employment – use it or lose it

35
Q

As we get older and job is routine/retirement – how would this affect measures?

A

if you don’t use it you lose it

36
Q

Two factors of personality

A

Metamemory

Adaptability

37
Q

Adaptability

A

The more adaptable you are the slower your cog decline is (more hard-headed more trouble with cog decline)
If you do something, and it increases the likelihood of something happening (risk factor) so basically this doesn’t have to happen but it can

38
Q

Metamemory

A

What you think about your memory how it works

39
Q

diseases also have negative impact such as:

A

Hearing, Sensory, Vision, Cardiovascular disease, diabetes (all affect cog decline)

40
Q

Name 2 Problems with Piaget

A

Many adults do not reach formal operations

Doesn’t describe how we create new thoughts

41
Q

What are two characteristics of wisdom:

A

Motivation

Good intentions

42
Q

What is memory

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

43
Q

Name two theories of forgetting

A

ineffective initial encoding- occurs because of ineffective attention in the sensory
interference: occurs because of competition from other information

44
Q

Sensory memory

A

shortest-term element of memory, E.g. the ability to look at something and remember what it looked like with just a brief time of observation

45
Q

Working memory

A

functional aspect of short term memory (chunk info)

46
Q

Age effects on working memory

A

Processing speed seems to account for most declines in age-related working memory loss

47
Q

Caveats to age-related working memory decline

A

May depend on the type of information

with age which can make some study designs flawed.

48
Q

Explicit

A

conscious memory

49
Q

Implicit

A

unconscious memory

50
Q

Two examples of LTM

A

Declarative – you can verbalize
Episodic – remembering specific event
Procedural – how to swing a golf club

51
Q

Aging and LTM

A

Ability to recall the list of words declines with age

However, older adults can recall it when prompted (given hints to the word

52
Q

Remote memories

A

Very old memories

For example, recalling high school classmate names or faces

53
Q

External aids

A

calendars

54
Q

Internal

A

imagery

55
Q

Age effect

A

Older people confused familiarity with fame as they listed original list with fame more often than younger
This is because older people don’t consciously establish that the original last was not famous.

56
Q

Name 2Age related issues of memory

A

Depression

Alcohol abuse

57
Q

The basal ganglia

A

important in coordinating movement

58
Q

Functions on the BBB

A

Protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain.
Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body.
Maintains a constant environment for the brain.

59
Q

Name two physical effects of the aging brain

A

Widening of sulci (the grooves) on the surface of the brain.
Reduced brain weight and brain volume

60
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

slowly progressive disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, muscle control and balance.
The exact cause of Parkinson’s Disease is unknown, research has concentrated on genetics, environmental toxins, endogenous toxins and viral infection.

61
Q

Basis of PD

A

hallmark of the disease: the loss of brain cells that produce a chemical – dopamine – that helps direct muscle activity.

Aging and Adulthood (5 decks)

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