exam IV (final) Flashcards
middle adulthood major objectives
expand responsibility, more aware of time, satisfaction in career
mechanics of aging
telomeres at end of each chromosome and epigenetic
marks at the edges of DNA begin to wear away
middle adulthood vision
cornea flattens, lens lose flexibility, weakened muscle changing lens shape, ability to see in dim light declines, limited color discrimination
presbyopia
farsightedness, inability to focus lens on close objects
middle adulthood hearing
age-associated hearing loss is mostly preventable, mens quicker than womens
presbycusis
“old hearing” - apparent in 50s, loss begins w high-pitched sounds
middle adulthood endurance
at its peak
By age 50, about ___ of men show some signs of hair
loss
half
middle adulthood skin
layers of skin loosen/thin, loss of fat –> wrinkling+loosening, women experience sooner+quicker
middle adulthood muscles
rate of decline in muscle mass &
strength accelerates in 40s, isometric strength retained
middle adulthood bones
density decline after 30s, thinner+more porous, losing height
menopause average age
51
influence of menopause timing
heredity + lifestyle/contextual influences
official start of menopause
1 year after last menstrual period
perimenopause
transition to menopause, extending from 3 years
before & after menopause
perimenopause symptoms
shorter cycle, erratic periods, less predictable, hot flashes, reduced arousal
men middle adulthood hormonal changes
slight declines in sex hormones of ~2% a year
“sandwich generation”
middle-aged adults pressed to meet demands of career & family BUT often have demands of caring for aging parents
tobacco use
smoking rates have declined
crystallized intelligence
The accumulation of facts and information from past experiences
fluid intelligence
connections among ideas + inferences, processing/problem-solving
middle adulthood - crystallized vs fluid intelligence trend
fluid declines, crystallized increases
inihibition
ability to resist interference from irrelevant information to stay focused on the task at hand - becomes more difficult over adult years
middle adulthood memory
capacity of working memory declines from 20s-60s, related to changes in attention
Most consistent age-related cognitive decline
processing speed
processing speed decline trend
more complex the task, the greater the age-related decline in reaction time
middle adulthood erikson stage(s)
intimacy vs isolation may finish or come back , main = generativity vs stagnation
4 types of generativity
biological, parental, work, cultural
primary form of generativity
parenthood - profound changes/transitions
employment benefits on generativity
personal skills, creative energy, mentor coworkers, support education + health, community building
maslow hierarchy of needs
PSaLSuS-A
“social clock”
timetable for behaviors set by social/cultural norms
social convoy
network of relationships that protect & travel through time with you
Lower-income adults break up at ____ the rate as more affluent ones
twice
For 1st marriages in the U.S., most divorces occur within _ yrs, __% take place after 20 years or more
5; 10
5 definitions of age
chronological, perceived, biological, psychosocial/cognitive, sociocultural
most diverse period of the lifespan
late adulthood
Gerontologists (scientists who study aging) suggest that late
adulthood begins at about age:
65
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
basic living skills that include independently using the bathroom, getting dressed, bathing and feeding oneself, moving short distances
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
includes tasks requiring planning + social skills, such as arranging
for transportation, shopping, cooking, organizing finances, keeping your home clean, communicating by phone, and managing medical care and medications
late adulthood brain
brain slowdown, new neurons, compensation
Reaction time ___
with age
increases
cognitive reserve
the ability to maintain your thinking abilities despite getting older
most dramatic decline in cognitive skills ~after 70
processing speed
late adulthood working memory vs long-term memory
working memory declines w age, long-term more slow in speed of retrieval
factors affecting learning abilities
pacing, anxiety, meaningfulness, motivation, physical health
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
adult has more cognitive challenges than would be expected for a person of their age but is still able to function in their everyday life
alzheimer disease
gradual deterioration of memory and personality — formation of
plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in the brain
5 stages of alzheimer disease
forgetfulness, confusion, memory loss, impaired communication, unresponsiveness
vascular cognitive disorder
injuries to cardiovascular system disrupt brain and cognitive functioning – svecond-most common NCD of aging
vascular cognitive disorder causes
small or large breaks in blood
vessel
Highest rates of depression
in:
young adults + middle aged
depression in aging causes
physical factors, psychological factors, personality factors, medications
erikson late adulthood stage
ego integrity vs despair - adults review, or integrate, their past and make peace with
themselves
Selective Optimization with Compensation
maximize gains, minimize losses
Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory
Selectivity based on limited
time focus – positivity effect
Disengagement Theory
gradual withdrawal from world, compelled by society
Continuity Theory
remaining active, consistency in self
4 types grandparenting relationships
remote, companionate, involved, surrogate
low social support associated with
cardiovascular disease, cancer, infectious diseases, and
mortality
19th century vs 20th century view on death
household events vs life-extending factors
clinical death
stage in the dying process when breathing / heart stop. cardiac arrest in medical field
brain death
irreversible brain damage that makes them unable to function and respond to stimulation
terminal decline
changes in cognition, processing, and/or personality, which signify that a person is nearing death
terminal agitation
A condition in which a dying person becomes restless, upset, and/or delirious
terminal lucidity
unexpected return to consciousness or cognitive clarity in people who are at the end of life
Damage to the ____
triggers the end of life
brain stem
kuber-ross stages of dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
palliative care
improving quality of life &
eliminating pain
hospice care
end-of-life care that focuses on eliminating suffering, by treating the emotional, physical, spiritual, and social needs of dying people and their families
health care proxy
names a specific person to make health care decisions for you if you are unconscious or unable to make medical decisions
passive euthanasia
allowing to die without extraordinary means to extend life
active euthanasia
deliberate act to end a person’s life - not legal anywhere
physician-assisted death
providing a lethal dose of a medication a terminally ill patient may take to end their own life
physician-assisted death requirements
patient not depressed, doctor can’t administer medication, <6 months to live, 15 day waiting period
opposed/more vulnerable to PAD
Women, African Americans, lower SES, lower education
adulthood age range
25-65
middle aged alzheimer’s progresses…
more rapidly
Theories that describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path are called _____
stratification theories
