exam II Flashcards
early childhood growth
rate slows, long torso, adult-like head/body ratio, losing baby teeth, lowest body fat
what influences motor skills in early childhood?
practice, community learning, cultural support
brain growth at early childhood
slower, 75% at age 2 and 95% at age 9, maturing prefrontal cortex
primitive thinking
unsystematic, symbolism, etc
animism
natural objects are alive like humans
centration
focusing on one way of thinking and perceiving, without acknowledging any alternatives
vgotsky theory of children learning
social interaction in maturation
zone of proximal development
skills a person can perform with
assistance, but not quite independently
autobiographical memory
memory of personally meaningful events, end to infantile amnesia (no memories before age 3)
theory of mind 3-4 yrs
4 yr olds recognize other ppls minds may differ, appearances can be deceptive
what helps to develop theory of mind?
simulation, maturing of brain structures
basic grammar assets
syntax (word order), plurals, pronouns
initiative vs guilt
early childhood - sense of purposefulness/pride, play, parents
early childhood emotional development influences
neurological maturation, genetic variations, early stress, care history
emotional socialization
process of learning how to express feelings in a way that is
appropriate for your culture
by 2, most kids know…
whether they are boys or girls
by 4, most kids…
have developed beliefs about “gender appropriateness”
social learning/behaviorism gender differences
gender roles learned through reinforcement/punishment, observing/modeling
cognitive theory gender differences
gender schema/constancy, categorize self/others
baumrind parenting styles / four important dimensions that influence parenting:
expression of warmth/nurturance, strategies for discipline, quality of communication, expectations for maturity
four categories of parenting styles
authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, neglectful/uninvolved
criticisms of baumrind
ignored personalities, social statuses, cultural variation
types of play
parallel, cooperative, functional, constructive, sociodramatic
healthiest age range
middle childhood (6-11)
middle childhood brain development pattern
use it or lose it
adrenarche
first hormonal changes preparing the body for
puberty, typically age 5-9yrs
asthma percentage of affecting
about 15% of children, more common w age
obesity percentage of affecting
more than 17%
concrete operations
~7-12, flexibility of thought, logical, mental operations
concrete operations concepts
reversibility, classification, hierarchical relationships, conservation, seriation
seriation
arranging objects in orderly series
information processing theory concrete operatoinal
expanded knowledge base, memory, automatization, myelination
automatization
repetition of thoughts and
actions makes the sequence
routine & less effortful
comorbidity
two or more medical conditions present @ same time
multifinality
one cause can have multiple manifestations
equifinality
one symptom can have many causes
metalinguistic awareness
figures of speech
pragmatics
knowing appropriate time to swear
ADHD prevalence
10% of school aged children in US
industry vs inferiority
independence, peers influence
ways of bullying
physical violence, relational aggression, bias-related bullying
3 primary forces moral development
peer norms, personal experience, empathy
preconventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning
children use concrete and self-
centered (egocentric) reasoning (rewards + avoiding punishments)
conventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning
children think more abstractly
about what is right and wrong (social rules)
postconventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning
people can think abstractly
and about right and wrong as something that supersedes rules and laws (morals/ideals)
