Exam III Studies Flashcards
Herrnstein’s Concurrent Schedules Experiment
Pigeon with VI 2 min and VI 6 min schedules – pecked at the 2 min more often, but sometiems at the 6 min. Pecked corresponding to ratio of reinforcement.
Crespi [1942]
Shifts in reward magnitude
Contrast effects [elation vs depression]
Vary # pellets in group 1, give same # of pellets in group 2
S-R theory postulates that they will all converge on same response, but they do not.
1 -> 16 and 4 -> 16 = overrun
256 -> 16 and 64 -> 16 = drop below baseline level
Colwill & Rescorla [1988]
Trained rats to nosepoke by using a pellet reward during
one stimulus and a sucrose reward during another stimulus.
They then separately trained two target responses,
leverpressing and chainpulling, by using a pellet reward
for one and a sucrose reward for the other.
In test, they found that the stimuli trained with nosepoke
augmented leverpressing and chainpulling to the
degree that the stimulus and response shared an outcome.
This finding suggests that both the stimulus (S) and the
response (R) become associated with the rewarding outcome.
OUTCOME MEDIATED TRANSFER
Colwill & Rescorla [1985]
Outcome devaluation
Training – R1-O1, R2-O2
Devaluation – O1+, O2- [+ denotes pairing with illness]
Test – R1 vs R2
An aversion to R1 has been created
S-R theory would’ve predicted there would be no difference between the responses
Colwill & Rescorla [1990]
Examining role of S, a discriminatory stimuli, in an R-O [response-outcome] association.
Rats recieve different pairs of S with R-O, all evidence pointing to hierarchal role of S in controlling an R-O association.
LEARNING INVOLVES A 3-TERM CONTINGENCY
SWITCHING DESIGN
Mitchell & Stoffelmayr [1973]
Using premack principle with schizophrenics in order to condition them to work on simple tasks
Mellstrom & Johanneson [2008]
Sweedish study on blood donation, showing women donate more with no compensation and men donate more with compensation
If donated to charity, men donate more than no compensation but less than if they get the money. Women donate the most if they get to donate, sligthly less if they get no comp, and least if they get money.
OVERJUSTIFICATION
Rescorla, Grau, Durlach [1985]
Using pigeons
A+, B+, AB-
C+, AC+
Then, X-A, Y-B or X-C, Y-A
Test X and Y, and compound XY
If compound is reinforced, responding to compound > responding to elements
If compound not reinforced, responding to elements > responding to elements
Mellstrom & Johanneson [2008]
Sweedish study on blood donation, showing women donate more with no compensation and men donate more with compensation
If donated to charity, men donate more than no compensation but less than if they get the money. Women donate the most if they get to donate, sligthly less if they get no comp, and least if they get money.
OVERJUSTIFICATION
Bouton [1984]
REINSTATEMENT
Compared:
CS shock -> shock same/diff
vs
CS shock-> extinction -> shock same/diff
No diff between groups that did and did not receive extinction
REINSTATEMENT NOT DUE TO SUMMATION
Neuringer, Kornell, Olufs [2001]
Showed increasing variability with decreasing responding
IE: variability increases as action extinguish
Rescorla [1972]
NEGATIVE PATTERNING
Tone - food [A+]
Clicker - food [B+]
Tone+clicker - no food [AB-]
AB- is now an ABX [conditioned inhibitor]
Klossek et al [2008]
Kids may click different pictures to see certain cartoons, satiated certain cartoons and didn’t satiate others
Younger kids had trouble with goal-oriented learning, older kids didn’t