Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lameness in Horses ASCI 221 > Exam III (Causes of Lameness) > Flashcards

Exam III (Causes of Lameness) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common tendon injury?

A

Internal strain of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in the MC region (AKA bowed tendon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of a mechanical injury of the flexor tendon (SDFT or DDFT)?

A

Toed-in or toed out conformation
Long toe and low heel
Muscle fatigue
Uneven surfaces and mud with sudden turns
Improper bandaging
Unbalanced trimming and shoeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phases of Tendonitis

A
  1. Tendon Degeneration
  2. Acute Inflammatory Phase
  3. Reparative Phase
  4. Remodeling Phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tendon degeneration

A

The first phase of tendonitis
Subclinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute Inflammatory Phase

A

The onset of clinical signs (swelling, pain, heat)
Lasts 1-2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reparative Phase

A

Cleans up any damage done
Angiogenesis and fibroblast migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The creation of new blood vessels to increase blood flow to an injured area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Remodeling Phase

A

Lasts several months
Repairs tissue stronger but less elastic and prone to reinjury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyperechoic

A

White appearance
More echoing back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Black appearance
Less echoing back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is an Ultrasound the best imaging option for soft tissue injuries?

A

There is a field version which makes it much easier to diagnose out of the clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two common ultrasound views used to look at soft tissue structures in the distal limb?

A

Cross-section/horizontal View
Longitudinal View

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the treatments for the acute inflammatory phase of tendonitis?

A

Cold therapy, NSAIDs (bute), rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are treatments for the repair/remodeling phase of tendonitis?

A

Extracorporeal shockwave
Intralesional Regenerative Therapies (PRP, stem cells)
Pin-firing and blistering
A transection of the proximal check ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon
Rehabilitation and Controlled Exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is Superficial Digital Flexor tendonitis more likely to occur?

A

In the fore-limb
Mid-proximal (top 2/3rds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in the distal limb more likely to occur?

A

In the forelimb
Outside of the digital flexor tendon sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are deep digital flexor tendon injuries in the distal limb more likely to occur?

A

In the hind-limb
Inside the digital flexor tendon sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do DDFT injuries often result in?

A

Sheath effusion and chronic tenosynovitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the signs of tenosynovitis?

A

Distention (effusion) of the tendon sheath
Pain on palpation
Heat/swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the treatments of tenosynovitis?

A

Cold hosing, NSAIDs
Transection of the annular ligament for SDF/DDF tenosynovitis at the fetlock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thoroughpin

A

Non-septic tenosynovitis of the DDFT sheath at the level of the hock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Septic Tenosynovitis

A

an infection in the tendon sheath most likely from a wound that enters the tendon sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does septic tenosynovitis result in?

A

Damage to the tendon
Adhesion formation
Possible erosion of the tendon sheath and progression of the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which prognosis is better:
a laceration of a flexor tendon or a laceration of an extensor tendon and why?

A

A laceration of an extensor tendon is better because the horse can learn to flick its limb forward but a horse can not learn to use its limb with a laceration of the flexor tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Causes of Suspensory Desmitis

A

Straight hocks (conformation)
Hyperextension of the carpus/tarsus or the fetlock
Deep, soft footing
Excessive rotational movements of the limbs
Secondary to a fracture splint (either from the fracture itself or the formation of a callus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Churchill sign

A

A technique that uses finger pressure applied to the posterior head of the medial splint bone where a positive response elicits an upward and outward movement of the leg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the possible treatments of suspensory desmitis?

A

NSAIDs and rest
Cold/warm therapy
Surpass
Shockwave
Intralesional Injection (PRP, Stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PRP

A

Platelet Rich Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the signalment of a horse with proximal suspensory desmitis?

A

Sports horses (eventers, jumpers, western performance horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What was Reggie’s DDx?

A

Proximal Suspensory Desmitis with an Avulsion Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the signalment of a horse with body and branch lesions in the suspensory ligament?

A

SBs and Jumping horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What was Teddy’s DDx?

A

A lesion of the lateral branch of the left front suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What causes a suspensory ligament rupture?

A

extreme overextension of the fetlock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes a dropped fetlock and an acute onset of lameness?

A

Suspensory Ligament Rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Treatments of a suspensory ligament rupture

A

immobilization of the limb (cast, splint, fetlock arthrodesis)
Euthanasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Signalment of inferior check desmitis

A

SB trotters and pacers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What causes inferior check desmitis?

A

Long toe, low heel
Unbalanced foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tarsal plantar desmitis

A

AKA curb
Inflammation of the long plantar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What causes curb?

A

Conformation (sickle-hocked, cow-hocked)
Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the acute cause of annular ligament constriction?

A

Damaged via trauma
Strained tendon in the tendon sheath (tenosynovitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a chronic cause of annular ligament constriction?

A

Thickening of the annular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the treatment for annular ligament restriction?

A

Surgical resection of the annular ligament with bandage application and return to exercise to prevent adhesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Upward fixation of the Patella

A

The patella becomes fixed over the medial trochlear ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What causes an upward fixation of the patella?

A

Poor conformation (a steep angle between the femur and tibia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the treatments of a mild case of upward fixation of the patella?

A

Hill work and NSAIDs
Injection of counterirritants to the middle and medial patellar ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the treatments of a severe case of upward fixation of the patella?

A

Medial patellar desmoplasty or desmotomy (which would affect the stay apparatus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes a peroneus tertius rupture?

A

overextension of the hock joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a sign of a peroneus tertius rupture?

A

Flexion of the stifle with the extension of the hock
Still weight-bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the treatments for a peroneus tertius rupture?

A

Stall rest for 8-12+ weeks
Euthanasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How are muscle injuries diagnosed?

A

Physical exam
Thermography
Ultrasound
Nuclear Scintigraphy
Electromyography
Muscle Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

A degenerative process that causes a decrease in muscle mass

52
Q

What are the causes of muscle atrophy?

A

Denervation
Trauma
Ischemia
Lack of use
Excessive use

53
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of blood supply

54
Q

Sweeney

A

The paralysis of the suprascapular nerve which causes atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

55
Q

What are the causes of Sweeney?

A

Ill-fitting harness
Trauma

56
Q

Fibrotic Myopathy causes

A

Repeated tearing and straining of the semitendinosus muscle fibers
Acute trauma resulting in scar formation
Repeated IM injections

57
Q

Fibrotic Myopathy Signs

A

Goose-stepping Gait with a shortened cranial phase
Limb pulled down before the foot hits the ground

58
Q

What is the treatment for Fibrotic Myopathy?

A

Transection of the muscle/tendon at the scar level or insertion (semitendinosus tenotomy)

59
Q

Stringhalt

A

Involuntary hyperflexion of the hock when the horse moves

60
Q

What are the causes of stringhalt?

A

Trauma to the muscle/tendon (unilateral)
Ingestion of a toxic weed (bilateral)

61
Q

When are signs of stringhalt exaggerated?

A

When the horse is backing up
In cold weather
After a period of rest

62
Q

What are the treatments for stringhalt?

A

Conservative: rest, controlled exercise, nutritional changes
Surgery: remove a portion of the lateral digital extensor tendon

63
Q

Shivering

A

Involuntary flexion of the limbs

64
Q

Where is shivering most likely to occur?

A

In the hind limbs

65
Q

What is the only treatment for shivering?

A

A high-fat, low-carb diet

66
Q

Cellulitis

A

A subcutaneous bacterial infection caused by a wound or infection within the blood or lymph (hematogenous/lymphogenous)

67
Q

What are some systemic diseases of the muscle?

A

Tetanus
Botulism
Lyme Disease
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (EPSM/PPSM)

68
Q

What is Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER) also known as?

A

Monday morning sickness
Tying up
Azoturia

69
Q

What are the causes of ER?

A

Return to work after rest
Post-anesthesia

70
Q

What are some of the theories about what causes ER?

A

A change in blood supply within a muscle
Fluid/electrolyte imbalance
Genetic Predisposition
Nutritional influence

71
Q

What are signs of mild ER?

A

A slight change in gate (hind limb)
Poor performance
Pain or stiffness on palpation of the neck/gluteal muscles
Increased HR, RR, and Temp

72
Q

What are signs of severe ER?

A

Extreme pain
Reluctance to move
Severe stiffness
Sweating
Myoglobinuria
Recumbency

73
Q

How is ER diagnosed?

A

History, clinical signs
Elevated Creatine Kinase (CK) with exercise
Muscle biopsy –> swollen fibers

74
Q

What is EPSM?

A

Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
A disorder of glycogen storage

75
Q

What horses are most likely to get EPSM?

A

QHs, WBs, and draft horses
Heavily muscled horses with calm demeanors

76
Q

What are signs of EPSM?

A

Muscle atrophy
Abnormal gait
Repetetive ER

77
Q

How is EPSM diagnosed?

A

Muscle biopsy of the semimembranosus or semitendinosus muscles
Blood Sample

78
Q

Prevention of EPSM?

A

Replace Grain with rice bran/fat
Provide daily exercise

79
Q

What are the causes of laminitis (give at least 4)?

A

Carbohydrate Overload (large ingestion of grain)
Lush grass consumption
Cold water ingestion after exercise
Septicemia/endotoxemia from infection
Excessive concussion/impact of the feet
Hormonal (cushing’s disease, metabolic syndrome)
Viral (high fever)
Pharmacologically induced (Corticosteroids)

80
Q

What is the pathophysiology of laminitis?

A
  1. blood supply to the lamina gets compromised (vasoconstriction)
  2. Increased arteriovenous shunting
  3. Decreased capillary perfusion
  4. Ischemic necrosis of the laminae
  5. Pain
  6. Less time bearing weight on the limb so not as much blood flow (continuation of the process)
81
Q

What are the consequences of necrosis of the laminae?

A

PIII lacks suspending support, PIII then moves distally (sinking) so the DDFT pulls PIII palmarly or plantarly (rotation)

82
Q

What are the three phases of laminitis?

A
  1. Developmental phase
  2. Acute phase
  3. Chronic phase
83
Q

What happens during the developmental phase of laminitis?

A

the horse is exposed to causative factors
Ends when the signs begin

84
Q

What happens during the acute phase of laminitis?

A

1-4 feet are affected
Increased/bounding digital pulse, pain, heat
Rotation and/or Sinking on radiographs

85
Q

How long does the chronic phase of laminitis last?

A

Can last days to years

86
Q

What are the clinical signs of laminitis (list at least 5)?

A

Walking on eggshells, rocked back
Hesitant to pick up feet
Shifting weight
Increased digital pulses and heat
Increased HR, RR, and temp (TPR)
Positive to hoof testers along the solar margin

87
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with chronic laminitis (list at least 3)?

A

Hoof rings
Flat sole
Widened white line (seedy toe)
Bruised soles

88
Q

How is laminitis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and radiographs (lateral view)

89
Q

What are the treatment options for laminitis (list at least 5)?

A
  1. Anti-inflammation (banamine/bute, DMSO, Ice therapy)
  2. Anti-endotoxin (banamine, polymixin B, pentoxifylline, plasma)
  3. Anticoagulation (aspirin)
  4. Vasodilation (isoxsuprine, ace, nitroglycerine)
  5. Red blood cell deformability (pentoxifylline)
  6. Frog pressure and foot support (deep bedding, lily pads, styrofoam, heart bar shoes, elevated heel)
  7. Deep digital flexor tenotomy or distal check ligament desmotomy
  8. Dorsal hoof wall resection
90
Q

What is navicular syndrome also known as?

A

Podotrochleosis

91
Q

In what types of horses and where is navicular most likely to occur?

A

Horses between the ages of 4 and 9
Forelimb > hind limb
Bilateral > unilateral
Males > Females
QHs and SBs

92
Q

What structures are involved in Navicular syndrome?

A

Coffin joint, navicular bone, navicular bursa, DDFT

93
Q

What are the causes of Navicular syndrome?

A
  1. Poor conformation (small feet, low heels, long toe) and concussion
  2. DDFT stresses the bone
  3. Arterial Constriction within the foot
94
Q

What are the clinical signs of navicular (list at least 3)?

A

Intermittent, progressive lameness that improves with rest
Shortened stride
Positive hoof testers across the heels***
Positive distal limb flexion
Contracted raised heels, concave sole, narrow quarters

95
Q

What are the two radiographic views used to diagnose Navicular syndrome?

A

Navicular skyline (45 degree palmar proximal-palmarodistal oblique)
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique

96
Q

How is navicular syndrome diagnosed?

A

Hoof testers (positive across heels)
PD nerve block
Radiographs (lollipop lesions, cysts, osteophytes/spurs on wings)
Intrabursal anesthesia

97
Q

What are the treatments of Navicular?

A

Corrective shoeing and trimming
Medications
Alleviation of pain (PD neurectomy)

98
Q

What are some medications used to treat Navicular syndrome (at least 2)?

A

Isoxsuprine (vasodilator)
NSAIDs
Tildren/Osphos (decrease bone resorption)
Legend, adequan, oral supplements
Intrabursal injections of corticosteroids and HA

99
Q

Street Nail

A

A puncture into the navicular bursa often from a nail or stick

100
Q

What are the treatments of street nail?

A

Surgical debridement
Topical and systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs

101
Q

Sidebone

A

Ossification of the collateral cartilages of PIII

102
Q

What causes sidebone?

A

Poor conformation
Improper shoeing/trimming

103
Q

What are signs of sidebone?

A

Lameness
Hard and painful cartilage on palpation

104
Q

Quittor

A

Chronic inflammation and infection of the collateral cartilages of PIII

105
Q

What are the clinical signs of Quittor?

A

Lameness
Purulent discharge at the coronary band
Heat, swelling, and pain

106
Q

How is Quittor diagnosed?

A

Contrast radiographs

107
Q

What is the only treatment of quittor?

A

Radical surgical excision with distal drainage

108
Q

Gravel

A

An opening in the white line that causes infection within the sensitive laminae which cannot drain distally so it travels to the coronary band for drainage

109
Q

What causes gravel?

A

Dry foot
A sequel to laminitis
Puncture wound

110
Q

What are the clinical signs of gravel?

A

Lameness
Draining tract at the coronary band
Changes to the white line
Heat

111
Q

What is the treatment for Gravel?

A

Establish drainage for the infection
Prevention of a secondary infection

112
Q

What disease is more widespread than gravel?

A

White Line Disease

113
Q

What causes white line disease?

A

Poor foot hygiene
Opportunistic bactera/fungus proliferate in the stratum medium of the hoof capsule

114
Q

Signs of White line disease?

A

+/- lameness
A dark black line along the sole-wall junction with a foul odor
Separation of the outer hoof wall

115
Q

What are treatments of white line disease (name at least 3)?

A

Proper hygiene
Cleaning with antiseptic
Hoof wall resection
Soaking
Bandaging
White Lightening

116
Q

What is the most common cause of lameness?

A

Foot abscesses

117
Q

What causes foot abscesses?

A

A puncture from a foreign object entering the sensitive areas of the foot –> bacteria invade and reproduce

118
Q

Thrush

A

an infection within the sulci of the frog due to dirty, moist conditions (often caused by fusobacterium necrophorum)

119
Q

What are signs of thrush?

A

characteristic odor
Black purulent discharge
Lameness if the infection invades into the sensitive tissues

120
Q

How is thrush treated (at least 3)?

A

Proper hygiene
Cleaning with antiseptic
Antibacteria/antifungal medications
thrush buster
white lightening

121
Q

Canker

A

chronic hypertrophy of the horn-producing tissues of the foot that often occurs in the hind feet of draft horses

122
Q

Signs of Canker

A

Foul-smelling
Necrotic horn covered with caseous, cream colored exudate
Oily ragged frog

123
Q

Keratoma

A

Excessive keratin produced by the epidermal cells of the coronary band which grow distally sandwhiched between the hoof wall and PIIII

124
Q

What is the only treatment for keratomas?

A

Complete surgical removal

125
Q

Which hoof cracks are more painful?

A

Quarter and heel cracks because they often involve the sensitive laminae

Lameness in Horses ASCI 221 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions