Exam III Flashcards
What are the 5 common challenges ALL animals face?
Obtaining food, waste and elimination, gas exchange, reproduction, sense and response to environmental challenges
Why do animals need to obtain food?
for chemical & cellular energy and for building blocks
What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and function…from the latin word “weave”
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Tissue characteristics of epithelial cells
tightly packed cells!!
Major functions of the epithelial tissue
physical barrier to injury, microbes, and fluid loss. Absorption and secretion
Where would we typically find epithelial tissue?
outside of the body (skin), lining of cavities and organs, and glands
Different shapes of tissue epithelia
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Different arrangements of of tissue epithelia
simple, pseudostratified, stratified
What does it mean when a tissue is in the simple arrangement?
there is only one layer of cells that are all touching the basement membrane
What does it mean when a tissue is in the pseudo-stratified arrangement?
there is only one layer of cells that are all touching the basement membrane, but it looks like there is multiple layers due to the arrangement of the nuclei within each cell.
What does it mean when a tissue is in the stratified arrangement?
there are multiple layers of cells that are not all touching the basement membrane
Which tissue is the MOST abundant and widely distributed?
Connective tissue
How would you describe the vascularity of connective tissue?
very vascular
What are the two most common types of cells within connective tissue?
Fibroblasts and Macrophages
What is the extracellular matrix?
a web of fibers in a jelly like liquid between cells
What are the general functions of connective tissue?
connects, surrounds, anchors, and supports
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
loose, fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, blood
What are the 3 different types of connective tissues?
collagenous, elastic, reticular
What protein makes up reticular fiber?
reticulin, and collagen
What does reticular fibers help with?
surrounds organs and helps to connect and hold them in place.
function of loose connective tissue?
binds epithelia to underlying tissue, nutrient and waste removal, and holds organs in place.
where is fibrous connective tissue found?
ligaments and tendons
is fibrous tissue dense or loosely packed?
dense!
functions of fibrous tissue?
connects bone to bone, and muscle to bone
what does greater vasculature allow for?
faster healing because of nutrient transport
where is cartilage found?
joints, ear, nose, fetal skeletons
what are the cells within cartilage?
chondrocytes
what is the matrix of solution in cartilage?
chondrotin sulfate
main function of cartilage?
supportive tissue
Structure of bone
mineralized connective tissue, cells are osteocytes, made of calcium phosphate, and collagenous fibers
function of bone?
acts as a scaffolding for the body; hard but not brittle
what are the types of osteocytes?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Function of adipose tissue?
stores energy as fat, insulates and pads the body
cells of adipose tissue?
adipocytes
structure of blood?
blood cells and plasma
what is the matrix of blood?
the plasma
functions of blood?
Gas Exchange (RBC)
Immune Response (WBC)
Blood Clotting (Platelets)
What is an erythrocyte?
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
What is a luekocyte?
White Blood Cell (WBC)
What is nervous tissue specialized for?
Coordination, communication, and integration
where would we find nervous tissue?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
what makes up nervous tissue?
neurons and glial cells
Function of nervous tissue?
to sense and transmit information, recieve signals and send signals back
What is the “signal” these neurons are sending along?
Action Potentials
What do glial cells do?
support cells for the neurons
What do systems are responsible for coordination and control?
Endocrine system and nervous system
Hormone Response
affects multiple regions of the body at once, slow acting but long term effects
Neural response
typically affects one primary area, very fast acting, but short term effects
Why is bone “very dynamic”?
because cells are constantly being made by osteoblasts and being destroyed by osteoclasts
What is muscle tissue responsible for?
bodily movements
what are the primary cells in muscle tissue?
myocytes for contraction
how would we describe skeletal muscle?
striated, voluntary, and attached to the skeleton
how would we describe cardiac muscle?
involuntary, branched with striations
how would we describe smooth muscle?
involuntary, very smooth, found within walls of organs and blood vessels
