Chapter 45 Flashcards
Why must cells communicate?
To coordinate responses
What are the three steps to signal transduction?
Reception, Transduction, Response
What are the two systems in which the body communicates?
Endocrine and Nervous
What is paracrine signaling?
where chemical signals diffuse between cells
what length of signaling is paracrine great for?
short distance
What is autocrine signaling?
Self signaling, where the chemical signals diffuse back to the cell that secrets it
What is synaptic signaling?
electrical signals transmitted via neurons over long distances
How fast is synaptic signaling?
RAPID
What is endocrine signaling?
secretion of hormones through the bloodstream to target cells
Give an example of how neuroendocrine would work?
nervous system controlling hormone release
What are pheremones?
chemical signals that are transmitted between organisms
What do pheremones do?
Allow for mating, and marking territories
Hormones
act as a signal sent in response to a stimulus that only activates a target cell with the appropriate receptor
What are the two types of hormones?
Hydrophilic, Lipophilic / Hydrophobic
What are hydrophilic hormones made of? and give an example.
Usually peptide based, like adrenaline or insulin
What are hydrophobic hormones made of? and give an example.
Usually cholesterol based, like testosterone.
Where is the receptor located for hydrophilic hormones?
on the cell surface
Where is the receptor located for hydrophobic hormones?
inside the cell (nucleus of cytoplasm)
Why is homeostasis a dynamic process?
Because organisms are never at their complete homestasis; they are always fluctuating between set point
What organ plays a major role in the regulation of blood glucose levels?
Pancreas
A group of hormone secreting cells within the Pancreas
Iselts of Langerhans
These cells secretes glucagon
Alpha Cells
These cells secrete insulin
Beta Cells
Why must animals regulate blood calcium levels?
Necessary for normal functioning
What would happen if there were an excess of calcium in the blood?
Build up on organs
What would happen if there were a depletion of calcium in the blood?
convulsive contractions of muscles
What hormones are involved with the flight or fight response?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Where are the adrenal glands location?
on top of the kidneys
When released how does Epinephrine act?
increase in blood glucose, shunting of blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, increased oxygen delivery to cells, increased metabolic rate, decrease digestion
What glands are responsible for regulating blood calcium?
Thyroid, Parathyroid
