Chapter 35: Vascular Plants

Question 1

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

A group of cells consisting of one or more type that work together to perform a specialized function

Answer 2

Tissues

Question 3

Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

Answer 3

Organs

Question 4

What do vascular plants absorb from “above”?

Answer 4

light and CO2

Question 5

What do vascular plants absorb from “below”?

Answer 5

water and minerals

Question 6

What is the shoot system?

Answer 6

composed of stems and leaves, and depends on water and minerals that the roots absorb

Question 7

What is the root system?

Answer 7

composed of roots. They anchor the plants into the soil, and absorb water and minerals.

Question 8

What else do roots do?

Answer 8

store carbohydrates and other materials

Question 9

Originates in the seed embryo and is the “first” root. It soon branches off to form lateral roots

Answer 9

Primary Root

Question 10

What is a primary function of the primary root?

Answer 10

Enhanced anchoring, and the ability for nutrient acquisition

Question 11

What is the taproot?

Answer 11

one main vertical root that is seen in very tall, erect plants.

Question 12

What do taproots help with?

Answer 12

Anchorage, preventing toppling over, aids in height…giving it access to more light or providing it an advantages for pollen dispersal. Also stores sugars and starch if needed during flowering and fruiting.

Question 13

A thick mat of slender roots spreading in the soil

Answer 13

Fibrous Root System

Question 14

Why do fibrous root systems form?

Answer 14

the primary root dies early and cannot form a taproot

Question 15

What do fibrous root systems prevent?

Answer 15

Soil Erosion

Question 16

Thin, finger like, extensions of root epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root

Answer 16

Root Hairs

Question 17

Symbiotic interactions with soil fungi that increase a plants ability to absorb minerals

Answer 17

mycorrhizal associations

Question 18

Chief Function of Stems

Answer 18

to elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis

Question 19

Secondary functions of stems?

Answer 19

elevate reproductive structures, thereby facilitating dispersal of pollen and fruit

Question 20

points at which the leaves are attached

Answer 20

Nodes

Question 21

stem segments between nodes

Answer 21

Internodes

Question 22

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

Answer 22

Axillary Buds

Question 23

What is the main photosynthetic organ?

Answer 23

Leaves

Question 24

Functions of leaves

Answer 24

exchanges gases with atmosphere, dissipate heat, and defend themselves

Question 25

structure that joins the leaf to the stem at the node

Answer 25

Petiole

Question 26

serves as the outer protective covering for the plant

Answer 26

Dermal Tissue

Question 27

Epidermis

Answer 27

a layer of tightly packed cells

Question 28

Waxy epidermal coating that helps prevent water loss

Answer 28

Cuticle

Question 29

What is the name of the epidermis in woody plants?

Answer 29

Periderm

Question 30

Helps facilitate the transport of minerals and water

Answer 30

vascular tissue

Question 31

in the vascular tissue, this helps transport water and minerals

Answer 31

Xylem

Question 32

in the vascular tissue, this helps transport sugars to the leaves

Answer 32

pholem

Question 33

vascular tissue located in the roots

Answer 33

stele

Question 34

What are the four basic plant organs?

Answer 34

Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers*

Question 35

Are the shoot and root system dependent on eachother?

Answer 35

YES!!!

Question 36

What is apical dominance?

Answer 36

the phenomenon where the apical buds "dominate" the axillary buds as they grow taller and "win" sunlight

Question 37

What if the apical bud is removed?

Answer 37

Pruning, where predators or humans, cut / eat the plant. It will make the plant bushier as it re-grows

Question 38

What are the leaves where they produce plantlets, they fall off and take root.

Answer 38

Reproductive Leaves

Question 39

These leaves are modified leaves that look like petals.

Answer 39

Bracts

Question 40

What are the four floral structures?

Answer 40

Sepals, Carpels, Petals, Stamens

Question 41

Where did the floral structures evolve from?

Answer 41

leaves

Question 42

Type of cell wall that is very hydrates, made of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and other structural proteins. It is very flexible, and ALL plants have them

Answer 42

Primary Cell Wall

Question 43

Cell wall that is every stiff, less hydrated, and is high in lignin concentration

Answer 43

Secondary Cell Wall

Question 44

What are the three tissue systems in plants?

Answer 44

Dermal, Ground, Vascular

Question 45

What does the dermal tissue protect against?

Answer 45

Physical Damage, Predators, Pathogens, Water Loss

Question 46

What are trichomes?

Answer 46

tiny, hairy, protrusions to prevent predators on a plant

Question 47

These cells are on leaves, they regulate open and closing of the stomata to regulate...

Answer 47

Guard Cells

Question 48

What do guard cells regulate?

Answer 48

Gas Exchange, Water Exchange

Question 49

What are the main functions of ground tissue?

Answer 49

Storage, Photosynthesis, Support, Short-Distance Transport

Question 50

Ground tissue located internal to the vascular tissue?

Answer 50

Pith

Question 51

Ground tissue located external to the vascular tissue?

Answer 51

Cortex

Question 52

What are the three primary tissues of the ground tissue system?

Answer 52

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Question 53

What are the major functions of parenchyma tissue?

Answer 53

photosynthesis and storage

Question 54

what cells make up parenchyma tissue?

Answer 54

parenchyma cells

Question 55

what cells make up collenchyma tissue?

Answer 55

collenchyma cells

Question 56

what cells make up sclerenchyma tissue?

Answer 56

fiber and sclereid cells

Question 57

Where would you normally find parenchyma tissue?

Answer 57

cortex & pith, stems & roots, ovary, internal layer of leaves (meosphyll)

Question 58

Functions for collenchyma tissue?

Answer 58

structural support for growing tissues

Question 59

Locations of collenchyma?

Answer 59

cortex of stems, petioles

Question 60

Major functions for sclerenchyma tissues

Answer 60

strcutral support and strength for mature plants "rigid skeleton"

Question 61

Major locations of sclereid cells?

Answer 61

nutshells, seed coats, some fruits

Question 62

Major locations of fiber cells?

Answer 62

near vascular tissue all throughout the plant

Question 63

Long, thin cells with tapered ends.

Answer 63

Tracheids

Question 64

What is the function of the tracheids?

Answer 64

to move water from cell to cell via pits

Question 65

why do the tracheids move water through pits?

Answer 65

because then they do not have to cross thick secondary cell walls

Question 66

short, wide, water conducting cell of the xylem

Answer 66

Vessel Elements

Question 67

what are the two water conducting cells of the xylem?

Answer 67

Tracheids and Vessel Elements

Question 68

How would you describe the water conducting cells of the xylem at maturity?

Answer 68

Dead

Question 69

What are the two sugar conducting cells of the phloem?

Answer 69

Sieve Cells & Sieve Tubes

Question 70

These cells occur in seedless, vascular plants and gymnosperms. They transport sugar and other nutrients

Answer 70

Sieve Cells

Question 71

In the phloem of angiosperms, this is where the nutrients is transported through

Answer 71

Sieve Tubes

Question 72

what do the sieve tube consist of?

Answer 72

Sieve Tube Elements

Question 73

Why does nutrients pass easily through the sieve tube elements?

Answer 73

Because they do not have a nucleus, ribosomes, a vacuole, and a cytoskeleton.

Question 74

What are the end walls of sieve tubes?

Answer 74

Sieve Plates

Question 75

Has pores that facilitates fluid transport between cells

Answer 75

sieve plates

Question 76

Companion Cells

Answer 76

Nonconducting cells along the side of the sieve tubes. They are attached by plasmodesmata

Question 77

Determinate Growth

Answer 77

Plants stop growing after reaching a certain size

Question 78

What are the benefits of determinate growth?

Answer 78

it keeps the plant from investing an ever increasing amount of energy into organs that provide little photosynthetic product

Question 79

Indeterminate Growth

Answer 79

Growth that occurs throughout a plants life.

Question 80

Meristems

Answer 80

Undifferentiated tissues containing cells that divide, leading to new cells that elongate and become differentiated.

Question 81

Lateral Meristems

Answer 81

Cylinders of dividing cells that are one cell thick

Question 82

Secondary Growth

Answer 82

Growth in thickness

Question 83

Where does secondary growth occur?

Answer 83

Lateral Meristems

Question 84

What are the two types of lateral meristems?

Answer 84

Cork Cambium and Vascular Cambium

Question 85

What is the function of the cork cambium?

Answer 85

Replaces the epidermis with a thicker, tougher periderm

Question 86

what is the function of the vascular cambium?

Answer 86

adds vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Question 87

Where does most of the thickening come from?

Answer 87

secondary xylem

Question 88

Apical Meristems

Answer 88

Located at the tip of roots and shoots, provide cells with primary growth.

Question 89

Primary Growth

Answer 89

Allows roots to extend through the soil and shoots to increase exposure to light

Question 90

These plants complete their life cycle in one year or less

Answer 90

annuals

Question 91

These plants require two year growing seasons to complete their life cycle

Answer 91

biennials

Question 92

These plants live many years

Answer 92

Perennials

Question 93

Where is the biomass of a primary root derived from?

Answer 93

Apical Meristem

Question 94

Root Cap

Answer 94

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil

Question 95

Where does growth occur in respect to the root cap?

Answer 95

just behind the tip

Question 96

How does the root lubricate the soil?

Answer 96

the root cap secrets a slimy polysaccharide

Question 97

How many zones are there in the growth of roots?

Answer 97

3

Question 98

Zone of Cell Division

Answer 98

Includes the stem cells of the root, apical meristem, and their immediate products

Question 99

Where are the cells of the root cap produced?

Answer 99

Zone of Cell Division

Question 100

Where most growth occurs as the roots elongate

Answer 100

Zone of Elongation

Question 101

Cells are maturated and become distinct cell types here

Answer 101

Zone of Differentiation