Exam III Flashcards
synarthrotic
immovable joints
Ex. sutures in the skull
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable joints
Ex. pubic symphsis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum
diathrosis
freely moveable joints
Ex. knees , the shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers
synovial joints
- do not…
- are separated by…,surrounded by…which
- do not directly touch
- separated by a fluid filled space called joint space, surrounded by articular (fibrous capsule) which keeps the bones separate
joint space
- is filled with…which is secreted by…that lines the… and reduces…
- has lots of…and…
- is filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane that lines the articular capsule and reduces friction
- has lots of hyaluronic acid and macrophages
bursae
- are…
- located between…where…
- helps tendons…
- can enhance…by modifying the…
- fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid
- located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone
- helps tendons slide
- can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls
tendon sheaths
- are elongated…wrapped around a
- are mainly seen in the…and…
- helps with…and support of…
- are a pathway by which…
- elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
- are mainly seen in the hands and feet
- helps with fine motor movement and support of muscle strength
- are a pathway by which infection spreads along
ligaments
- ______ tissue that attach…to…
- reinforce the…
- connective tissue that attach bone to bone
- reinforce the joints
tendons
- ______ tissue that attaches…to…
- reinforce….and help with…
- connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
- reinforce joints and help with movement
Describe the generalized movement of synovial joints.
- generally freely moving
- the most structurally complex
- allow for flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, and depression
- dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion, pronation, supination, and rotation
flexion
decreasing the angle
extension
increasing the angle
hyperextension
over 180 degrees
abduction
away from the midsagittal line
adduction
toward the midsagittal line
dorsiflexion
standing on heels
plantar flexion
standing on toes
eversion
soles of feet facing opposite
inversion
soles of feet facing each other
pronation
palms backwards
supination
palms forward
rotation
moving head saying “no”
Describe how the aging process affects joints and the joint components and how it affects movement ability.
- often the articular cartilage softens and degenerates causing osteoarthritis which causes crepitus (crackly joints), bone spurs, and the natural slowing of movement with age
- it causes pain and limits mobility mostly in big joints that bear most of the weight of the body like the knee joints
- trauma to the joint will quicken the development of osteoarthritis
- exercise helps keep joints “young” by improving movement of nutrients from synovial fluid into articular cartilage
List and explain the functions of muscle tissue.
- movement of body parts and organ contents, maintain posture, communication: speech, expression, and writing
- stabilize joints
- produce body heat
All types of muscle tissue exhibit…
- excitability/responsiveness - ability to respond to signals
- conductivity - ability to conduct AP/electrical signals
- contractility - ability to shorten to exert force
- extensibility - ability to stretch
- elasticity - ability to return to original length
skeletal muscle
- is found attached to the skeleton
- is comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiple peripheral nuclei, and are voluntary (need a signal from neuron to contract) well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction
- has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere
cardiac muscle
- is in the heart
- has short branched cells with striated appearance, one nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
- involuntary because it has a pacemaker cells, so does not need voluntary signal
- function is to pump blood throughout body
smooth muscle
- in in viscera (internal organs) like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters
- short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only one central nucleus per cell
- inboluntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulumm Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
- function is to move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc.
muscle fiber
each individual muscle cell
fascicles
groups of individual muscle cells (fibers) that are grouped together
cell/fiber is surrounded by
the endomysium, a loose connective tissue
fascicle is surrounded by
the perimysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath
muscle
epimysium, a fibrous sheath
group of muscles
deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue, is found between adjacent muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate from other muscles
superficial fascia
separates muscles from skin
