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A&P I > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

synarthrotic

A

immovable joints

Ex. sutures in the skull

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2
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joints

Ex. pubic symphsis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum

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3
Q

diathrosis

A

freely moveable joints

Ex. knees , the shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers

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4
Q

synovial joints

  • do not…
  • are separated by…,surrounded by…which
A
  • do not directly touch
  • separated by a fluid filled space called joint space, surrounded by articular (fibrous capsule) which keeps the bones separate
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5
Q

joint space

  • is filled with…which is secreted by…that lines the… and reduces…
  • has lots of…and…
A
  • is filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane that lines the articular capsule and reduces friction
  • has lots of hyaluronic acid and macrophages
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6
Q

bursae

  • are…
  • located between…where…
  • helps tendons…
  • can enhance…by modifying the…
A
  • fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid
  • located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone
  • helps tendons slide
  • can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls
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7
Q

tendon sheaths

  • are elongated…wrapped around a
  • are mainly seen in the…and…
  • helps with…and support of…
  • are a pathway by which…
A
  • elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
  • are mainly seen in the hands and feet
  • helps with fine motor movement and support of muscle strength
  • are a pathway by which infection spreads along
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8
Q

ligaments

  • ______ tissue that attach…to…
  • reinforce the…
A
  • connective tissue that attach bone to bone

- reinforce the joints

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9
Q

tendons

  • ______ tissue that attaches…to…
  • reinforce….and help with…
A
  • connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

- reinforce joints and help with movement

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10
Q

Describe the generalized movement of synovial joints.

A
  • generally freely moving
  • the most structurally complex
  • allow for flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, and depression
  • dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion, pronation, supination, and rotation
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11
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle

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12
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle

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13
Q

hyperextension

A

over 180 degrees

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14
Q

abduction

A

away from the midsagittal line

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15
Q

adduction

A

toward the midsagittal line

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16
Q

dorsiflexion

A

standing on heels

17
Q

plantar flexion

A

standing on toes

18
Q

eversion

A

soles of feet facing opposite

19
Q

inversion

A

soles of feet facing each other

20
Q

pronation

A

palms backwards

21
Q

supination

A

palms forward

22
Q

rotation

A

moving head saying “no”

23
Q

Describe how the aging process affects joints and the joint components and how it affects movement ability.

A
  • often the articular cartilage softens and degenerates causing osteoarthritis which causes crepitus (crackly joints), bone spurs, and the natural slowing of movement with age
  • it causes pain and limits mobility mostly in big joints that bear most of the weight of the body like the knee joints
  • trauma to the joint will quicken the development of osteoarthritis
  • exercise helps keep joints “young” by improving movement of nutrients from synovial fluid into articular cartilage
24
Q

List and explain the functions of muscle tissue.

A
  • movement of body parts and organ contents, maintain posture, communication: speech, expression, and writing
  • stabilize joints
  • produce body heat
25
Q

All types of muscle tissue exhibit…

A
  • excitability/responsiveness - ability to respond to signals
  • conductivity - ability to conduct AP/electrical signals
  • contractility - ability to shorten to exert force
  • extensibility - ability to stretch
  • elasticity - ability to return to original length
26
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • is found attached to the skeleton
  • is comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiple peripheral nuclei, and are voluntary (need a signal from neuron to contract) well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction
  • has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere
27
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • is in the heart
  • has short branched cells with striated appearance, one nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
  • involuntary because it has a pacemaker cells, so does not need voluntary signal
  • function is to pump blood throughout body
28
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • in in viscera (internal organs) like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters
  • short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only one central nucleus per cell
  • inboluntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulumm Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
  • function is to move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc.
29
Q

muscle fiber

A

each individual muscle cell

30
Q

fascicles

A

groups of individual muscle cells (fibers) that are grouped together

31
Q

cell/fiber is surrounded by

A

the endomysium, a loose connective tissue

32
Q

fascicle is surrounded by

A

the perimysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath

33
Q

muscle

A

epimysium, a fibrous sheath

34
Q

group of muscles

A

deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue, is found between adjacent muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate from other muscles

35
Q

superficial fascia

A

separates muscles from skin

A&P I (4 decks)

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