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A&P I > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

epithelial

A

sheet of cells covering or lining a body surface/cavity

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3
Q

nervous

A

specialized cells generate and conduct nerve impulses to control body

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4
Q

muscle

A

highly cellular and vascularized tissues responsible for most body movement

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5
Q

connective

A

the most abundant and widely distributed tissue found through out the body composed of several variations in cell composition

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6
Q

polarity

A

all epithelia exhibit apicalbassal polarity. this means that the regions of cells near the basal surface differ from apical cells in their structure and function. their locations are maintained by the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells

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7
Q

specialized contacts

A

with the exception of glandular epithelia, the epithelial cells fit together snuggly (by means of tight junctions or desmosomes) in order to form continuous sheets of tissue

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8
Q

connective tissue support

A

connective tissue supports and lies beneath all sheets of epithelial tissue. this is done by two laminae that make up the basement membrane

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9
Q

vascularity

A

the epithelium in innervated (supplied by nerve fibers), but is avascular and holds not blood vessels. they receive their nutrients by diffusing substances from blood vessels in underlying connective tissues

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10
Q

regeneration

A

exposure to friction and “wear and tear” the epithelial cells have a high regeneration capacity. they can rapidly reproduce themselves by cell division when the apical basal polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed as long as they have adequate nutrition

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11
Q

simple epithelia

A

single cell layer; simplest of all epithelium

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12
Q

simple squamous

A
  • laterally flattened
  • disc-shaped central nuclei
  • sparse cytoplasm
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13
Q

simple squamous functions

A
  • filtration
  • diffusion
  • secretion
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14
Q

simple squamous locations

A
  • kidney’s glomeruli
  • air sacs in lungs
  • heart linings
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lining of ventral body cavity
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15
Q

simple columnar

A
  • tall cells
  • round to oval nuclei
  • some cells have goblet glands (unicellular and mucus-secreting)
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16
Q

simple columnar functions

A
  • absorption
  • secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
  • ciliary action propels mucus
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17
Q

simple columnar locations

A
  • most of digestive tract; stomach to anal canal (nonciliated type)
  • gallbladder
  • excretory ducts of some glands
  • small bronchi, uterine tubes, regions of uterus (ciliated type)
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18
Q

simple cubodial

A
  • tall and wide

- spherical nuclei that stain darkly

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19
Q

simple cubodial functions

A
  • secretion

- absorption

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20
Q

simple cubodial locations

A
  • kidney tubles
  • ducts
  • secretory portions of mall glands
  • ovary surface
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21
Q

pseudostratified

A
  • differing heights (some don’t reach free surface)
  • nuclei seen at different levels
  • may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
22
Q

pseudostratified functions

A
  • secretion (particularly mucus)

- ciliary action propels mucus

23
Q

pseudostratified locations

A
  • male’s sperm-carrying ducts & ducts of large glands(non ciliated)
  • trachea & most of upper respiratory (ciliated)
24
Q

stratified epithelia

A
  • very similar to simple epithelia; mostly same tissue types just multiple layers
  • function generally the same but function vary in intensity (stratified squamous nonkeratinzed)
  • several layers to protect surface of skin, whereas, simple squamous does not have protective function
25
Q

stratified squamous

A
  • stratifies squamous nonkeratinized (lacks surface layer of dead cells)
  • stratified squamous keratinized (compact dead cells)
26
Q

stratified squamous functions

A

protection against abrasion and pathogen invasion

27
Q

stratified squamous locations

A
  • nonkeratinized - oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and rectum
  • keratinized - only in epidermis
28
Q

stratified cuboidal

A
  • very rare in body

- typically two layers

29
Q

stratified cuboidal functions

A
  • secretes sweat and ovarian hormones

- produces sperm

30
Q

stratified cuboidal locations

A
  • sweat glands/ducts
  • mammary glands/ducts
  • ovarian follicles
  • seminiferous tubules
31
Q

stratified columnar

A

very rare in body

32
Q

stratified columnar functions

A

absorption secretion

33
Q

stratified columnar locations

A
  • pharynx
  • male urethra
  • glandular duct linings
34
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • cells of basal layer are cuboidal or columnar
  • apical cells vary in appearance (depending on degree of stretching)
  • resembles stratified squamous/cuboidal
  • surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like depending on degree of stretch
35
Q

transitions epithelium functions

A
  • allow vessels they line to stretch

- example: when stretched, bladder transitional cells thin from sex layers to three layers

36
Q

transitions epithelium locations

A

lining of hollow urinary organs

37
Q

glandular epithelia

A
  • one or more cells that produce and secret product

- secretions - fluid (water, lipid, or steroid-rich) generally consisting of proteins

38
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • “ductless” glands

- internally secreting (directly into blood)

39
Q

endocrine gland functions

A

produce hormones

40
Q

endocrine gland locations

A
  • thyroid gland

- pituitary gland

41
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • numerous-secrete products onto body surface or into cavities
  • familiar products
  • 2 types: unicellular and multicellular
42
Q

unicellular exocrine gland functions

A
  • produce mucin - complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted and turns into…
  • mucus - a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfices
43
Q

unicellular exocrine gland locations

A

goblet cells (sprinkled throughout intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells

44
Q

multicellular exocrine gland functions

A
  • structurally more complex than unicellular
  • merocrine (eccrine) glands secret their products as they are produced
  • holocrine glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture
45
Q

multicellular exocrine gland locations

A

merocrine (eccrine)

  • pancreas
  • sweat glands (most)
  • salivary glands

holocrine

  • sebaceous glands
  • apocrine glands (some scientists disagree that humans as well as animals have this gland)
46
Q

locations of nervous tissue

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • ganglia
  • in centras nervous system
  • branches throughout body in the peripheral nervous system
47
Q

neurons (nerve cell)

A
  • highly specialized brached cells with cytoplasmic processes
  • respond to stimuli in order to generate and conduct impulses
48
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • much smaller cells that appear circular, but at a closer look, they appear starburst-like
  • these cells protect and aid in assistance of the neurons sending signals
49
Q

neurosoma

A

the cell body that is usually round, ovoid, or stellate in shape. it houses the nucleus and most other organelles, and is the cells center of genetic control and protein synthesis

50
Q

dendrites

A

signal receptors and transmits messages to neurosoma

51
Q

axon/nerve fiber

A

singe long fiber which sends outgoing signals

52
Q

myelin sheath (schwann cells/oligodendrocytes)

A

material that forms an electrically insulating protection usually around the axon. it increases the speed of electrical impulses by allowing the signal to jump over the next site of exposed axon (node of rangier)

A&P I (4 decks)

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