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Marriage & Family > Exam II Review > Flashcards

Exam II Review Flashcards

0
Q

Define gender

A

The sex that one most closely identifies with

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1
Q

Define sex

A

The biological characteristics of male or female

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2
Q

Define sexual orientation

A

Romantic or sexual partners of choice

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3
Q

Sexual scripts

A

Norms rules and guidelines regarding sexual behavior

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4
Q

Newly married couples’ sexual frequency was about ______ times weekly, but after the first year this number dropped to about _______ times per week.

A

3, 1-2

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5
Q

Marital infidelity

A

Romantic or sexual relationship with someone outside of a marriage

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6
Q

Four horsemen

A

Criticism
Contempt
Defensiveness
Withdrawal

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7
Q

Types of conflict

A

Pseudo conflict
Content conflict
Value conflict
Ego conflict

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8
Q

Theories of power and empirical support

A

Resource theory
Principle of least theory
Relative love and need theory
Doing gender

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9
Q

Where do Arranged marriages occur?

A

South Asia, India, Egypt, China

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10
Q

Coontz’s Myths about Marriage (3)

A

People don’t value marriage the same way we used to

Married women who work put in second shift at home

Married couples are building blocks of community life

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11
Q

2 Perspectives on marriage today

A

Marital decline: institution of marriage is being threatened by individualistic needs and pursuit of personal happiness

Marital resilience: marriages today aren’t any weaker than in the past; real threat is social problems we face

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12
Q

Marriage rates in US
How many adults in US at any given time are married?
What percentage of Americans support same sex marriage?

A

Just over 1/2

Just over 1/2

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13
Q

The marriage premium

A

Psychological, physical and economic well being that Married people have

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14
Q

Marital satisfaction over time
Pattern?
Reasons for decline

A

Inverted j over a lifetime

Time effect, more realistic expectations, hassles of daily life and children

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15
Q

Intersexed

A

Anyone born with non standard sexual anatomy

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16
Q

Transgender

A

Person feels just as comfortable or more so in expressing gender traits associated with the other biological sex

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17
Q

Transsexual

A

Person feels there is a mismatch between self concept and anatomy may have sexual reassignment surgery

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18
Q

How are sexual scripts learned?

A

Media
Parents
Partners

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19
Q

What are some more contemporary sexual scripts?

A

Both partners involved and honest, both willing to hear other partners needs

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20
Q

What percent of all couples reported satisfaction with their sexual relationships?

A

90%

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21
Q

Does sexual satisfaction differ with sexual frequency? How?

A

Yes. Sexual satisfaction is more associated with the quality of communication rather than the frequency

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22
Q

Types of marital infidelity

A 
Conflict avoiders 
Intimacy avoiders 
Sexual addiction 
Split self affairs 
Exit affairs
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23
Q

Conflict avoiders

A

Difficult time working through conflict

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24
Q

Intimacy avoiders

A

Have trouble getting close to one another

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25
Q

Sexual addiction

A

Using sexual behavior to numb inner pain

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26
Q

Split self affair

A

Being somewhat satisfied but feel like own emotional needs have not been satisfied; deciding between two relationships

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27
Q

Exit affair

A

Using affair as a way to get out whenever one foot is already out the door in the relationship

28
Q

Open marriage

A

Consensual affairs between other people are allowed

29
Q

What percentage of men and women will engage in infidelity at one point in a marriage?

A

25% of men

15% of women

30
Q

In a given year, what percentage of men and women will engage in infidelity?

A

12% of men

7% of women

31
Q

Where are we seeing trends in infidelity?

A

Adults over age 60 and under age 35 seem to have increasing rates of infidelity

32
Q

Avg age for men to have affairs

A

55

33
Q

Average age for women to have affairs

A

45

34
Q

What percentage of couples split after infidelity occurs?

A

70%

35
Q

Divorce proneness

A

Thinking about possibility of divorce

36
Q

Does low marital satisfaction put couples at risk for infidelity?

A

Not necessarily

37
Q

Who is more likely to feel guilty about an affair?

A

Women

38
Q

What percentage of teens actually use privacy?

A

50%

39
Q

A 2005 UK study on adolescence found that ___% reported they had been bullied or threatened via electronic communication, and
____% reported being the bully

A

20%, 11%

40
Q

Adolescence are how much more likely to be bullied online if they are bullied at school?

A

7x more likely

41
Q

Gottman’s styles of marital interaction

A

Regulators: validating, volatile and conflict avoidant

Non regulators: hostile and detached

42
Q

What did Gottman find as a predictor of a poor quality marriage?

A

How we work through conflict and resolve it rather than conflict frequency

43
Q

Characteristics and risks of validating couples

A

Let partner know their opinion is valid in disagreements

Use linguistic cues and mirror expressions

Compromise together

Tend to be good friends, like being around each other

Hold more typical gender roles

Risks: sometimes passion and independence can be sacrificed when too focus on the relationship

44
Q

Characteristics/risks of volatile couples

A

Fight on grand scale but have a grand time making up afterwards

Very open about feelings

High level of emotional engagement
Lots of interrupting

More laughter

See themselves as equal

risks- so much fighting can end the relationship feelings may get hurt; may escalate to violence

45
Q

Gottman’s magic ratio

A

5:1

Show interest, respect, empathy, affection, appreciation, humor, love, and care

46
Q

Finding a partner freedom vs constraint

A

Can I really marry anyone I want? Social pressure influences mate choice

47
Q

Marriage squeeze

A

After WWII men had more women to choose from than women did men

48
Q

Marriage gradient

A

Informal norms based on power differentials; women engrossed to marry up while men encouraged to marry down

49
Q

Choosing a partner: personal qualities, what do men and women favor here?

A

Physical attractiveness, mutual attraction, dependable character, emotional stability, maturity

men favor good looks, women favor economic potential

50
Q

Traditional perspectives of arranged marriages

A

Love matches and arranged

51
Q

What differences were found in the study on arranged couples vs love matched couples?

A

None

52
Q

Marriage in colonial America
Native Americans
Blacks
Whites

A

NA: nuclear, extended, kinship networks
blacks: declined marriage, more split up due to slavery
Whites: patriarchal, everyone worked hard to provide

53
Q

Marriage in 19th century
Native Americans
Blacks
Whites

A

NA: trail of tears in 1830s, 1/4 died
Blacks: marrying rights from 13th amendment
Whites: emergence of traditional family form, children treated more like children, education and leisure

54
Q

Marriage during 20th century, after industrial revolution
Whites
Blacks

A

60-70% of white families had traditional form
Baby boomers
Blacks: redlining, declined access, limited in wealth

55
Q

Endogamy vs exogamy

A

Marrying within one’s group

Marrying outside one’s group

56
Q

People don’t value marriage the way they used to

A

Argues that modern Americans put less of an emphasis on marriage organizing every part of our lives, but that we put more value on it as a relationship based on fairness

57
Q

Poll: how many Americans thought divorce was wrong, and how many thought affairs were wrong?

A

1/4 divorce is wrong

92% affairs are wrong

58
Q

Choosing not to parent

What percentage of women?

A

20%

59
Q

Adoption types

A 
Closed or open
Public or private
Independent 
National
International
60
Q

Belsky and cox study patterns of change

Marital satisfaction in parenthood

A

Couples satisfaction declines across transition to parenthood, certain types of couples changed in different ways

61
Q

Belsky and cox study problems

A 
Division of labor
Money
Relationship difficulties and sex frequency drop
Career and work
Social life
62
Q

Married women put in second shift at home

A

Argues that the second shift doesn’t equal 9 hours and can be misleading; we find that men and women work about the same however men are paid for theirs and women are not

63
Q

Married couples are building blocks of community life

A

Married parents spend more time with children than they did in the 60s; people who are more engaged in extended family are more often I married and married couples spend less Time giving back to community

64
Q

Decision to not have children

A

Is a process that occurs across childbearing years and is considered multiple times

65
Q

What did the McQuillan study on childless women find?

A

Found that women who were most concerned with being childless were those who said they had the least control over getting pregnant and placed higher importance on motherhood

66
Q

Belsky and Cox study

Decliners and improvers

A

Decliners tended to report less love and communication and more conflict in relationship

Improvers was a subgroup that reported greater marital satisfaction, higher love and commitment and less conflict

67
Q

How much did sex frequency drop during first year of parenthood?
Social life?

A

30-40%

40%

68
Q

Belsky and Cox characteristics of successful couples

A 
Expectations
Gender ideologies 
Team vs self focus 
Conflict management 
Emotionality

Marriage & Family (3 decks)

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