Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organ Histology > Exam II: Respiratory System (Functions and Conducting Portion) > Flashcards

Exam II: Respiratory System (Functions and Conducting Portion) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Respiratory system

A
  • Oxygen and CO2 exchange
  • Olfaction
  • Phonation
  • Provide defense
  • Condition air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of objects filtered in the large, medium, and small particle filters of the respiratory system

A

Large- bugs
Medium- dust and pollen
Small- bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Part of nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is keratinized stratified squamous, sebaceous and sweat glands are present, supported by hyaline cartilage, and contains a large particle filter.

A

Vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What acts as the large particle filter in the nasal vestibule?

A

Vibrissae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity located?

A

Between the limen nasi and superior and middle concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of the respiratory region

A
  • Warm air
  • Clean air
  • Humidify air
  • Provide defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Part of the nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is respiratory (ciliated pseudostratified columnar). Contains the medium particle filter.

A

Respiratory Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the Mucociliary Apparatus? What is the function of this structure?

A

Goblet and Ciliated Columnar cells

-Both function to act as the medium particle filter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glands of the respiratory region are found in this layer

A

Lamina propria (LP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type of gland found in the respiratory region

A

Seromucus glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of Seromucus glands

A
  • Produces mucus for mucociliary clearance and air humidity (mucus portion)
  • Produces serous products like lysozymes, inferferons, and cytokines. Also air humidity. (Serous portion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This structure is also located in the Lamina propria (LP). It has many large venules that are typically partially filled.

A

Cavernous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of the Cavernous plexus

A
  • Warm air
  • Humidify air
  • Provide defense (inflammation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the cavernous plexus contribute to having a stuffy nose?

A

As blood volume increases, the venules enlarge and the lamina propria increases in size as the lumen size decreases resulting in a stuffy nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hoe does the cavernous plexus contribute to having a running nose?

A

As blood volume increases, Oxygen uptake increases which will stimulate seromucus gland secretion, resulting in a runny nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What tissues support the Respiratory region?

A

Hyaline cartilage and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Part of the nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons.

A

Olfactory region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do supporting cells do in the Olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F Support cells are simple cuboidal cells

A

FALSE.

They are columnar cells with microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bipolar neurons with olfactory cilia extending onto the epithelial surface

A

Olfactory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the basal axon of the olfactory neuron connect to?

A

Olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cells that are small pyramidal shaped cells that can divide and replace the other cell types in the olfactory region

A

Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This gland is found in the olfactory region and produces a serous product to cleanse olfactory cilia

A

Olfactory (Bowman’s) Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Support tissue of the olfactory region

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones. Connected to the nasal cavity through openings

A

Paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity through:

A

Sinal ostia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epithelium is respiratory epithelium. Lamina propria is thin, but has seromucus glands and is quite vascular.

A

Paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Possible problem associated with the paranasal sinuses

A

Small ostia, but large vascular lamina propria. Lamina propria can swell and clog the ostia, not allowing the sinuses to drain appropriately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior

A

Nasopharynx (superior)
Oropharynx (middle)
Laryngopharynx (inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Surface epithelium of the Nasopharynx

A

Respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Surface epithelium of the Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tonsils associated with the different divisions of the Pharynx

A 
Nasopharynx = pharyngeal tonsils 
Oropharynx = Palatine and lingual tonsils 
Laryngopharynx = NO tonsils present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F The muscularis mucosa of the pharynx is large and quite vascular

A

FALSE.

The muscularis mucosa is NOT present in the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Part of pharynx. Consists of collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blending into the wall of the pharynx. Functions in added support to the pharynx

A

Submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Alternative name for the submucosa of the pharynx

A

Pharyngobasilar Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Type of muscle found in the pharynx

A

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T/F The muscular pattern of the pharynx in the same as the muscular pattern of the G.I. tract

A

FALSE.
Pharynx(inner longitudinal, outer circular layer) has an opposite arrangement than the G.I. tract (outer longitduinal, inner circular layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Besides the muscularis externa of the pharynx, where else in the body is the arrangement of the muscular externa opposite of the G.I. tract.

A

Uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Part of pharynx. Consists of the epimysium of the buccinator muscle blending into the pharynx.

A

Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Alternative name for the adventitia of the pharynx

A

Buccopharyngeal Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Organ that lies between the pharynx and the trachea

A

Larynx

42
Q

Surface epithelium of the Larynx

A

Upper surface is stratified squamous (parts will transition to respiratory)

43
Q

Functions of the cartilage wall in the larynx

A
  • Maintains an open airway

- Aid in sound production (in addition to skeletal wall)

44
Q

T/F Lamina propria of the larynx consists of dense connective tissue with no seromucus glands

A

FALSE.

LP on larynx consists of LOOSE connective tissue WITH seromucus glands

45
Q

Type of cartilage found in the larynx. Structures consisting of it include: thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage

46
Q

Type of cartilage found in the larynx. Structures consisting of it include: epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages

A

Elastic cartilage

47
Q

General function of the epiglottis

A

To keep food and liquid out of the larynx

48
Q

Immovable folds of tissue below the epiglottis. Surface epithelium is respiratory epithelium and lamina propria is loose connective tissue with seromucus glands and possible lymph nodules.

A

Vestibular folds

49
Q

Surface epithelium of the laryngeal ventricle

A

Stratified squamous

50
Q

Found below the epiglottis. Surface epithelium is stratified squamous, lamina propria has dense regular bundles of elastic connective tissue, and contains a muscle.

A

Vocal folds (cords)

51
Q

Function of the surface epithelium of the Vocal folds (cords)

A

Protect from abrasion and to some degree drying of tissues due to rapid air movement.

52
Q

Function of the lamina propria of the Vocal folds (cords)

A

Supports vocal folds

53
Q

Striated muscle located deep to the mucosa of the Vocal folds. Helps create sound by allowing air to vibrate against the vocal folds.

A

Vocalis

54
Q

Part of Trachea. Surface epithelium is respiratory epithelium that contains many different cell types within it. Lamina propria is loose connective tissue with seromucus glands and is quite vascular.

A

Mucosa

55
Q

T/F The smallest part of the Trachea is the muscularis mucosa

A

FALSE.

The muscularis mucosa is absent in the trachea

56
Q

Breakdown of cell types in the mucosa of the trachea

A 
Goblet cells- 30%
Ciliated columnar cells- 30%
Basal cells- 30%
Brush cells- 3%
Serous cells- 3%
DNES (Small Granule)(Kulchitsky) cells- 3-4%
57
Q

Hypothetical function of Brush cells in the mucosa of the trachea

A

Chemosensory (monitors air quality?)

58
Q

Function of Serous cells of the mucosa of the trachea

A

Secretion of a product into lumen (product is unknown)

59
Q

Function of DNES (Small Granule)(Kulchitsky) cells

A

Secrete into the Lamina propria, so likely influence over other cells in respiratory epithelium.

60
Q

The submucosa of the trachea contains a ________________ ring that blends with the lamina propria

A

Hyaline cartilage

61
Q

T/F General rule: Vertical running organs usually have serosa

A

FALSE.

Vertical running organs usually have adventitia

62
Q

Structurally similar to the trachea. Includes primary bronchi and has structural trends.

A

Extrapulmonary Bronchi

63
Q

Structural trends that decrease in the Bronchi (TQ)

A
  • Amount of cartilage
  • Number of glands (in lamina propria)
  • Number of goblet cells
  • Height of the Epithelium
64
Q

Structural trends that increase in the Bronchi (TQ)

A
  • Smooth muscle (Trachealis) increases as we get to bronchi

- Elastic connective tissue (helps with recoil during respiration)

65
Q

Similiar to extrapulmonary bronchi. Includes secondary and tertiary bronchi.Trends of extrapulmonary bronchi are continued through this structure

A

Intrapulmonary Bronchi

66
Q

Structures that have no hyaline cartilage, no seromucus glands, and have a complete smooth muscle layer

A

Bronchioles

67
Q

Epithelium type of the Bronchioles

A

Ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and special cells. (can vary along the length)

68
Q

Secretory cells in the surface epithelium of bronchioles.

A

Clara cells

69
Q

Functions of Clara cells

A
  • Secrete product to protect epithelium
  • Produce enzymes which degrade toxins
  • Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
  • Secrete lysozyme
  • Produce a surfactant type of molecule
70
Q

Last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Epithelium is simple columnar/cuboidal often ciliated and has Clara cells. Has a fibroelastic connective tissue in its lamina propria. Also contains 1-2 layers of smooth muscles

A

Terminal bronchioles

71
Q

First region of respiratory portion of respiratory system

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

72
Q

Structure is simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and some cilia. Structure is similar to terminal brochioles, but also contains some simple squamous epithelium

A

Respiratory bronchioles

73
Q

T/F Gas exchange does not occur in the Respiratory bronchioles

A

FALSE.

It contains some simple squamous epithelium, therefore gas exchange is possible

74
Q

General function of alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, and alveoli

A

Gas exchange

75
Q

Cell type of alveoli. Covers ~95% of alveolar surface. Consists of squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells. Function is gas exchange.

A

Alveolar Type I (Type I Pneumocyte)

76
Q

Cell type of alveoli. Found most to the side between alveoli. Consists of cuboidal cells and has 3 general functions.

A

Alveolar Type II (Type II Pneumocyte)

77
Q

General functions of Alveolar Type II cells (Type II Pneumocytes)

A
  • Stem cell for Type I and II Pneumocytes
  • Produce pulmonary surfactant
  • Produce lysozyme
78
Q

Type of alveoli cell. Develops from monocytes. Functions in cleaning septal walls via phagocytosis

A

Alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

79
Q

Region between 2 alveoli

A

Interalveolar septum

80
Q

Components of this region of the alveoli include: alveolar type I and type II cells, continuous capillaries, fibroblasts(among numerous other cells), basal lamina, and small amounts of connective tissue with many elastic fibers

A

Interalveolar septum

81
Q

Region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and the blood

A

Blood-Gas Barrier

82
Q

Parts of the Blood-Gas Barrier going from air to blood

A
  • Pulmonary surfactant
  • Alveolar type I cells
  • Fused basal lamina (shared between 2 cells)
  • Endothelial cells of the capillary
83
Q

The fused basal lamina of the Blood-Gas Barrier is shared between ____________ cells and _____________ cells

A
  • Alveolar Type I cells

- Endothelial cells (of the capillary)

84
Q

Thoracic _________ provide fibers which will relax bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilation)

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

85
Q

Minimum diffusion distance that allow for the most efficient gas exchange

A

Blood-Gas Barrier

86
Q

__________ fibers will cause the paradoxical response of constricting pulmonary blood vessels by stimulating the smooth muscles in the tunica ______

A

Sympathetic

Tunica media

87
Q

Nerve that provides parasympathetic fibers which will constrict bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchoconstriction

A

Vagus nerve (C.N. X)

88
Q

Alveolar cell type that appears to synapse with nerve fibers.

A

Alveolar Type II cells

89
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will have what effect on goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, and seromucus glands

A
  • Goblet cells = #’s increase (increased mucus)
  • Ciliated columnar cells = #’s decrease (increased congestion)
  • Seromucus glands = increase in size (more fluid excreted)
90
Q

If much coughing is present from chronic to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract, then a person may develop patches of ____________ instead of respiratory epithelium (precancerous condition)

A

Squamous epithelium

91
Q

RDS

A

Respiratory Distress of the Newborn (Hyaline Membrane Disease)

92
Q

Cause of RDS

A

Too few mature Alveolar Type II cells

93
Q

T/F Alveolar Type II cells are the last to mature in the fetus

A

True

94
Q

Treatments for RDS

A

1) Artifical surfactant and CPAP- only a few treatments usually needed
2) Glucocorticoids- given before birth; induces surfactant production

95
Q

Condition where patients have a decrease in elastin and therefore a decrease in alveolar elasticity. Causes an irreversible reduced surface for gas exchange

A

Emphysema

96
Q

Common causes of emphysema

A

1) Inflammation from infection, irritants, smoking, etc.

2) Genetic condition

97
Q

Protein produced by hepatocytes that protects elastin fibers from the enzyme elastase. Protein is inactivated from free radicals coming from cigarette smoke.

A

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (Alpha 1-AT)

98
Q

Inflammation in the alveoli will attract ______ and _______, both of which release elastase.

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

99
Q

In the genetic condition that causes emphysema, what is cellular process is malfunctioning and therefore causing emphysema?

A

Hepatocytes in the liver are producing the Alpha 1-AT, but cannot release it due to a genetic condition, therefore the Alpha 1-AT levels are too low

100
Q

T/F People who are Heterozygous for the faulty gene that causes genetic emphysema are affected greatly by it.

A

FALSE.
Gene is inherited dominantly, therefore heterozygous people are affected somewhat while homozygous people are affected greatly

Organ Histology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions