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Organ Histology > Exam II: Cardiovascular System (Heart to AV shunt) > Flashcards

Exam II: Cardiovascular System (Heart to AV shunt) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the circulatory system

A
  • Cardiovascular system to carry blood

- Lymphatic system to collect and transport lymph

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2
Q

Layers of the Endocardium

A
  • Endothelium
  • Looser connective tissue layer
  • More dense regular connective tissue layer
  • Subendocardial layer
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3
Q

Type of tissue in the endothelium of the endocardium

A

Simple squamous

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4
Q

What layers of the endocardium are collectively known as the subendothelial layer?

A

Looser connective tissue layer and More dense regular connective tissue layer

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5
Q

What are the differences between the 2 layers of the subendothelium of the endocardium?

A
  • Looser connective tissue layer is composed of fibroelastic connective tissue
  • Dense regular connective tissue layer is composed of more collagen 1, and elastic fibers, and some smooth muscle
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6
Q

What makes up the Subendocardial layer of the Endocardium?

A

Looser connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

Modified cardiac myocytes found in the subendocardial layer of the endocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

Cells in the endocardium that contain fewer myofibrils that are peripherally placed, contain stored glycogen, and function to conduct contraction impulse rapidly

A

Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

How are Purkinje fibers attached?

A

Attached using Gap junction and Macula adherens (desmosomes)

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10
Q

Difference between the myocardium in the atria vs. the ventricles

A
  • Atria = less muscle and more elastic fibers

- Ventricles = very well developed muscular layer

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11
Q

What types of cell junctions are found in the Transverse and Longitduinal portions of the Intercalated discs of the Myocardium

A
  • Transverse(risers) = Macula adherens (desmosomes) and Fascia adherens
  • Longitudinal(steps) = Large gap junctions
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12
Q

Functions of Intercalated discs

A
  • Attach cardiac myocytes in a row
  • Attach and stabilize myofibrils
  • Cell to cell communication
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13
Q

What types of cellular junctions are associated with each function of the intercalated discs of the myocardium

A
  • Attach cardiac myocytes in a row using Macula adherens
  • Attach and stabilize myofibrils using fascia adherens
  • Cell to cell communication using large gap junctions
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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system effects on heart beat

A
  • Sympathetics = increase heart rate and contraction force

- Parasympathetics= decrease heart rate and contraction force.

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15
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium

A

Myoendocrine cells

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16
Q

Function of Myoendocrine cells

A

Hormone secretion in the atria and interventricular septum (specifically= surrounding capillaries)

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17
Q

Functions of hormones released from Myoendocrine cells

A

-Fluid and electrolyte balance
-Decrease blood pressure
(both help stabilize blood pressure)

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18
Q

What organs/structures are targeted by Myoendocrine cells?

A

Kidneys

Small arteries and arterioles

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19
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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20
Q

What is found in the sub-epicardial layer of fibroelastic connective tissue?

A
  • Coronary vessels
  • Nerves
  • Sometimes- much adipose
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21
Q

What layer can adipose collection be a problem for the heart?

A

Sub-epicardial layer

TQ

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22
Q

Part of the epicardium that secretes a serous lubricating fluid

A

Mesothelium

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23
Q

T/F Both the epicardium and parietal pericardium are made up of fibroelastic tissue and mesothelium

A

True

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24
Q

What makes up the Pericardial sac?

A

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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25
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located? How much fluid is found inside the cavity?

A

It is located between the Parietal Pericardium and the Fibrous Pericardium.
It holds 15-50 mL of fluid

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26
Q

General valve histology

A

Valves are made of endothelium with dense irregular connective tissue below (dense irregular = lots of collagen 1 and elastic fibers)

27
Q

T/F Valves are considered almost avascular

A

True

28
Q

The cardiac skeleton is made up of ____________________ connective tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

29
Q

3 main components of the cardiac skeleton

A
  • Annuli fibrosi
  • Trigonum fibrosum
  • Septum membranaceum
30
Q

Cardiac skeleton around the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and the openings to the chambers

A

Annuli fibrosi

31
Q

Cardiac skeleton by cusps of the aortic valve

A

Trigonum fibrosum

32
Q

Cardiac skeleton on the upper portion of the interventricular septum

A

Septum membranaceum

33
Q

Function of the septum membranaceum

A

Provides origin and insertion for cardiac myocytes

34
Q

Tendon like component of the Cardiac skeleton

A

Chordae Tendinae

35
Q

Chordae Tendinae is made up of _______________ connective tissue

A

Dense Regular

36
Q

General function of the cardiac skeleton

A

Isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure individual chamber contractions

37
Q

Chest pain usually brought on by exertion

A

Angina

38
Q

Cause of angina

A

Slow progressive narrowing of coronary vessels therefore less oxygen

39
Q

Abnormal heart rhythms

A

Dysrhythmia

40
Q

What causes dysrhythmia

A

Results when damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues

41
Q

Infection in pericardial cavity and therefore inflammation of the serous pericardium

A

Pericarditis

42
Q

What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the endocardium?

A

Tunica intima

43
Q

What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the myocardium ?

A

Tunica media

44
Q

What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the epicardium (visceral pericardium)?

A

Tunica adventitia

45
Q

Examples of conducting arteries

A

A.k.a. Elastic arteries

Ex: aorta, common iliacs, carotid, brachiocephalic, subclavian

46
Q

What part of the elastic arteries has attenuated endothelium, thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina, thicker connective tissue with elastic fibers and collagen 1 and fibroblasts, and smooth muscular tissue?

A

Tunica intima

47
Q

What part of the elastic arteries are primarily fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers with some collagen 1 and smooth muscle tissue, a possible thin external elastic lamina, and an outer portion typically containing a vasa vasorum?

A

Tunica media

48
Q

What part of elastic arteries contains loose fibroelastic connective tissue and numerous vasa vasorum?

A

Tunica adventitia

49
Q

Examples of distributing arteries

A

A.k.a. Muscular arteries

-brachial, radial, renal, femoral

50
Q

What part of the muscular arteries is very thin, has an enodthelium, has some connective tissue, and has an internal elastic lamina?

A

Tunica intima

51
Q

What part of muscular arteries has primarily smooth muscle cells, elastic, reticular fibers, chondroitin sulfate, a possible external elastic lamina, and is richly innervated with sympathetics?

A

Tunica media

52
Q

What part of muscular arteries consists of fibroelastic connective tissue with sulfated GAG’s, has fibroblasts, and a present vasa vasorum?

A

Tunica adventitia

53
Q

T/F Arteriole lumen size is approximately equal to the width of the vessel wall

A

True

54
Q

What part of the arteriole contains no internal elastic lamina?

A

Tunica elastic

55
Q

What part of the arteriole contains no external elastic lamina?

A

Tunica media

56
Q

Clinical aspects of elastic arteries and aging

A
  • Width of elastic arteries increases into your 20’s

- Number of elastic laminae increase in the tunica media

57
Q

Clinical aspects of muscular arteries and aging

A
  • Collagen and proteoglycans increase after middle age (decreased flexibility)
  • Coronary vessels are greatly affected
58
Q

An increase in _______ blood pressure can occur around age __ due to a decrease in ________ fibers and an increase in collagen 1

A

Systolic
50
Elastic

59
Q

Hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis and/or Atherosclerosis

60
Q

Clinical aspects of Atherosclerosis

A
  • Occurs primarily in largest of the arteries
  • Blood vessel becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease
  • Collagen 1 and sulfated GAG’s can accumulate in another layer of the blood vessel
61
Q

What layers of the blood vessel are affected in someone with Atherosclerosis?

A 
Tunica intima (soft lipid accumulation)
Tunica media (collagen I and sulfated GAG accumulation)
62
Q

Short terminal arteriole branches that lack a true tunica media, lead to capillaries and venules, and allows blood to pulse through true capillaries

A

Metarterioles

63
Q

Thicker tunica media and tunica adventitia that functions to control lumen size and therefore the amount of blood into the capillaries (using many ANS nerves)

A

AVA = Arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt

64
Q

What is unique about an AV shunt? Where can they be found?

A
  • They can bypass a capillary bed

- Found in skin, stomach, and erectile tissue

Organ Histology (4 decks)

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