Exam II-Oral Cancers Flashcards
The oral cancers related to HPV appear more on the _____, the base of the tongue, and the back of the throat (oropharynx), more _______ regions of the oral cavity. The more traditional, non-HPV sites related to tobacco, appear to be more _______ in the oral cavity.
TONSILS…..HPV=MORE POSTERIOR……tobacco=more ANTERIOR
Leukoplakia: Biopsies have revealed superficial cancer in ____% of the cases and invasive carcinoma in ___%…..Eventually ___%!! becomes malignant, so all cases should clinically be considered _________.
10%…..8%…20%…PRECANCEROUS
Erythroplakia: The epithelial changes tend to be markedly atypical, incurring a much higher risk of malignant transformation, greater than ___%.
50% FREGGIN A!!
Leukoplakia: An asymptomatic white patch on the surface of a mucous membrane. This is not a ______, but can result in malignant transformation to __________…Occurs with ______ frequency in both sexes, mostly after the _____ decades of life.
IT IS NOT A TUMOR!!!…squamous cell carcinoma..equal frequency…3rd decade
Oral HPV positive tumors occurs in ______ age groups than the non-HPV tobacco-related groups and in ____ males and in non-smokers.
YOUNGER…white males
*The _____ group is the fastest-growing segment of the oral cancer population
HPV
Although non-HPV, tobacco-related oral cancers are declining in the U.S., largely due to _________, the incidence of HPV-related oral cancers have steadily increased since the 1970’s, largely due to ______.
tobacco awareness….Oral Sex
There is also an synergistic effect of ______ and ______ in this HPV-related group of oral cancer patients.
tobacco and ethanol
It is encouraging to note that HPV-related oral cancers are more susceptible to ________ than the tobacco related groups and therefore have better outcomes and survivability.
radiation therapy!!
What is the most common form of oral cancer? What %?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma…95%
The most common tumors of the oral cavity are ______, originating from the surface cells within the mouth.
epthelial
Cancer of the Tongue: Most common clinical appearance is that of a painless ________ or _______ mass.
ulcerated or exophytic
Where is this cancer? Less common occurrence in women which might relate to the protective effect of ______ use from the sun, Has higher survival rates, probably due to the ________ location of the cancer and therefore, earlier diagnosis than other sites inside the mouth
Lower lip…lipstick..cosmetic
Accounts for approximately 25-30% of all oral cancers and probably the most common site.
Tongue
Where? Accounts for approximately 20% of all oral cancers and Presents as an ulcerated mass with pain, bleeding, and excessive salivation
Floor of mouth
Where? Presents with non-specific findings, including a sore throat and difficulty opening the mouth…. Most common clinical appearance is that of an ulcerated or exophytic mass
Gingiva & Alveolar Ridge
Where?? Reverse smoking, where the lit end of the cigarette is held inside the mouth, Also linked to tobacco and alcohol use, Presents as an ulcerative or exophytic lesion with or without associated pain and/or bleeding
Hard Palate
Where???Etiology relates to both smoking and chewing tobacco, snuff dipping and alcohol use…
Buccal Mucosa
Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Small lesions may be _______ with minimal clinical findings and vague symptoms
asymptomatic
Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Large lesions, depending upon location, may present with local or referred ______, difficulty swallowing and speaking, difficulty chewing and opening the mouth. The lesion may exhibit ______ with resultant anemia
PAIN…bleeding
Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: If extensive with metastatic spread to the ____, muscle, skin, _______ and distant organs, weight loss may be present, along with symptoms related to the metastatic site.
bone…lymph nodes
BIGGIE::::Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Oral carcinomas metastasize mainly to the ________, _______, and__________ lymph nodes!!!!
submandibular, superficial, and deep cervical lymph nodes.
Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: More than half of patients who die have distant blood-borne metastasis, most commonly to the_____, _____, ________or ______.
Liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract or bone.
Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: These lesions grossly begin as superficial (in-situ) lesions that takes ______ to _____ to progress to invasive lesions.
months to years
