Exam II-Oral Cancers

Question 1

The oral cancers related to HPV appear more on the _____, the base of the tongue, and the back of the throat (oropharynx), more _______ regions of the oral cavity. The more traditional, non-HPV sites related to tobacco, appear to be more _______ in the oral cavity.

Answer 1

TONSILS…..HPV=MORE POSTERIOR……tobacco=more ANTERIOR

Question 2

Leukoplakia: Biopsies have revealed superficial cancer in ____% of the cases and invasive carcinoma in ___%…..Eventually ___%!! becomes malignant, so all cases should clinically be considered _________.

Answer 2

10%…..8%…20%…PRECANCEROUS

Question 3

Erythroplakia: The epithelial changes tend to be markedly atypical, incurring a much higher risk of malignant transformation, greater than ___%.

Answer 3

50% FREGGIN A!!

Question 4

Leukoplakia: An asymptomatic white patch on the surface of a mucous membrane. This is not a ______, but can result in malignant transformation to __________…Occurs with ______ frequency in both sexes, mostly after the _____ decades of life.

Answer 4

IT IS NOT A TUMOR!!!…squamous cell carcinoma..equal frequency…3rd decade

Question 5

Oral HPV positive tumors occurs in ______ age groups than the non-HPV tobacco-related groups and in ____ males and in non-smokers.

Answer 5

YOUNGER…white males

Question 6

*The _____ group is the fastest-growing segment of the oral cancer population

Answer 6

HPV

Question 7

Although non-HPV, tobacco-related oral cancers are declining in the U.S., largely due to _________, the incidence of HPV-related oral cancers have steadily increased since the 1970’s, largely due to ______.

Answer 7

tobacco awareness….Oral Sex

Question 8

There is also an synergistic effect of ______ and ______ in this HPV-related group of oral cancer patients.

Answer 8

tobacco and ethanol

Question 9

It is encouraging to note that HPV-related oral cancers are more susceptible to ________ than the tobacco related groups and therefore have better outcomes and survivability.

Answer 9

radiation therapy!!

Question 10

What is the most common form of oral cancer? What %?

Answer 10

Squamous Cell Carcinoma…95%

Question 11

The most common tumors of the oral cavity are ______, originating from the surface cells within the mouth.

Answer 11

epthelial

Question 12

Cancer of the Tongue: Most common clinical appearance is that of a painless ________ or _______ mass.

Answer 12

ulcerated or exophytic

Question 13

Where is this cancer? Less common occurrence in women which might relate to the protective effect of ______ use from the sun, Has higher survival rates, probably due to the ________ location of the cancer and therefore, earlier diagnosis than other sites inside the mouth

Answer 13

Lower lip…lipstick..cosmetic

Question 14

Accounts for approximately 25-30% of all oral cancers and probably the most common site.

Answer 14

Tongue

Question 15

Where? Accounts for approximately 20% of all oral cancers and Presents as an ulcerated mass with pain, bleeding, and excessive salivation

Answer 15

Floor of mouth

Question 16

Where? Presents with non-specific findings, including a sore throat and difficulty opening the mouth…. Most common clinical appearance is that of an ulcerated or exophytic mass

Answer 16

Gingiva & Alveolar Ridge

Question 17

Where?? Reverse smoking, where the lit end of the cigarette is held inside the mouth, Also linked to tobacco and alcohol use, Presents as an ulcerative or exophytic lesion with or without associated pain and/or bleeding

Answer 17

Hard Palate

Question 18

Where???Etiology relates to both smoking and chewing tobacco, snuff dipping and alcohol use…

Answer 18

Buccal Mucosa

Question 19

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Small lesions may be _______ with minimal clinical findings and vague symptoms

Answer 19

asymptomatic

Question 20

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Large lesions, depending upon location, may present with local or referred ______, difficulty swallowing and speaking, difficulty chewing and opening the mouth. The lesion may exhibit ______ with resultant anemia

Answer 20

PAIN…bleeding

Question 21

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: If extensive with metastatic spread to the ____, muscle, skin, _______ and distant organs, weight loss may be present, along with symptoms related to the metastatic site.

Answer 21

bone…lymph nodes

Question 22

BIGGIE::::Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Oral carcinomas metastasize mainly to the ________, _______, and__________ lymph nodes!!!!

Answer 22

submandibular, superficial, and deep cervical lymph nodes.

Question 23

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: More than half of patients who die have distant blood-borne metastasis, most commonly to the_____, _____, ________or ______.

Answer 23

Liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract or bone.

Question 24

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: These lesions grossly begin as superficial (in-situ) lesions that takes ______ to _____ to progress to invasive lesions.

Answer 24

months to years

Question 25

Oral Cancers-Clinical Features: Grossly, they are raised, firm _____-______ lesions with central ______ and rolled mucosal borders.

Answer 25

pearly-white…. necrosis

Question 26

Oral Cancer: It is the single most common cancer in men of _____. (40% of all cancers), due to chewing _____, a combination of Betel ______ and Areca _____, both considered precancerous to the oral cavity

Answer 26

India….Paan..leaves…nuts

Question 27

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: ________- includes both smoking and chewing and is a major cause of oral cancers in the U.S.

Answer 27

Tobacco

Question 28

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: _______- potentiates the carcinogenic effect of tobacco

Answer 28

Alcohol

Question 29

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: _________- for cancers of the lips

Answer 29

Sunlight (U-V Light)

Question 30

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: ______ irritation and poor _______

Answer 30

Dental…oral hygiene

Question 31

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: ____________ (renal and bone marrow suppression), potentiated by other risk factors

Answer 31

Immunosepression

Question 32

Risk Factors for Oral Cancers: ________ and ________- precancerous lesions that leads to oral cancers

Answer 32

LeukoPlakia & Erythroplakia