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Clinical Pathology > Exam I Review-Cell Adapt, Neoplasias > Flashcards

Exam I Review-Cell Adapt, Neoplasias Flashcards

1
Q

Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body.

A

Atrophy

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2
Q

What are the two types of atrophy?

A

Physiologic & Pathologic

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3
Q

What are the two main examples of Physiologic Atrophy?

A

1Thymus undergoing involution 2.ovaries/uterus/breasts post menopause

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4
Q

What is the MOST COMMON example of Pathologic Atrophy?

A

Alzheimer Dimentia

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5
Q

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells.

A

HyperTrophy

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6
Q

What is an example of Physiologic HyperTrophy?

A

Weight lifting to build skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?

A

Hypertension causing concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle

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8
Q

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs.

A

Hyperplasia

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9
Q

What are two examples of hyperplasia?

A

1.Endometrial hyperplasia (monthly in women) 2.polyps of the colon or stomach

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10
Q

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy be seen together? 2 Examples?

A

yes..1. Physiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia. 2.BPH

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11
Q

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

What are two examples of metaplasia?

A

1.Squamous metaplasia-smokers & bronchial pseudostrat columnar epi converting. 2.Gastric/Glandular of the GE Jxn in Barretts Esphagous

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13
Q

Is metaplasia reversible? Can it progress to something worse?

A

Yes and yes…Dysplasia

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14
Q

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

A

Dysplasia

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15
Q

BOOM! Which of the cell adaptations is most closely associated with PREcancerous conditions?

A

Dysplasia

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16
Q

What is the best example of dysplastic change?

A

CIN-cervical intraepi neoplasia (pap smear)

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17
Q

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells-The hallmark of malignant transformation.

A

Anaplasia

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18
Q

What are 4 other names for anaplasia?

A

Malignancy, Carcinoma, Cancer, Neoplasm

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of anaplasia?

A

Squamous Cell carcinoma of the cervix, Cancer of the lung

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20
Q

Anaplasia: The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular __________ (variation in size and shape).

A

pleomorphism

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21
Q

Anaplasia: The ______ are irregular and hyperchromatic

A

nuclei

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22
Q

Anaplasia: Extremely high __________ ratio (____ ratio), about 1:1 instead of 1:4 or 1:6.

A

nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio),

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23
Q

Anaplasia: Large _______ present within the nucleus.

A

nucleoli

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24
Q

Anaplasia: Large numbers of abnormal ______ figures.

A

mitotic

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25
Q

What is the general taxonomy for naming benign neoplasms?

A

The tumors are thus named according to the cell type which they resemble the most, with the addition of the suffix “oma”.

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26
Q

What is the general taxonomy for naming malignant neoplasms?

A

The malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called “CARCINOMAS” (i.e. Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Transitional cell carcinoma.)….The names for the malignant tumors of connective tissue origin are coined from the root of the cell type and a suffix “SARCOMAS”.

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27
Q

What is a glandular benign neoplasm named?

A

andenoma

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28
Q

What is a squamous benign neoplasm named?

A

papilloma

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29
Q

What is a connective tissue benign neoplasm named? (ok Ill narrow it down for you..bone…fat.)

A

Bone-osteoma….fat-lipoma

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30
Q

What is a glandular malignant neoplasm named?

A

AdenoCarcinoma

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31
Q

What is a squamous malignant neoplasm named?

A

Sqamous cell Carcinoma

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32
Q

What is a malignant connective tissue (bone & fat) neoplasm named?

A

Bone-osteoSarcoma…fat-lipoSarcoma

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33
Q

What isMesoTheliOma/What is it associated with?

A

Asbestos fibers lodging in the respiratory tract

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34
Q

Which oncogenic virus is closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hep B (and a little Hep C)

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35
Q

What are the 4 oncogenic viruses?

A

1.HPV 2.Hep B 3.Epstein Barr (HHV-4) 4.HHV-8 -Kaposi Sarcoma

36
Q

Histologically, the cells of these neoplasms usually retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin

A

The cells of benign tumors

37
Q

Because malignant neoplasms are rapidly proliferating, they have no specialized _____ function and therefore exhibit very little _______.

A

cytoplasmic….cytoplasm

38
Q

Malignant cells show prominent ________ in that they exhibit new features not inherent to the tissues of their origins.

A

Anaplasia

39
Q

In contrast to benign tumors which show high degrees of “_________” (the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally), malignant cells are “________” or Anaplastic.

A

Differentiation…..Undifferentiated

40
Q

Benign neoplastic cells are composed of a ______ population in which all the cells have the same features, with regularly shaped round or oval ______, but all the same size with evenly- distributed chromatin with normal nucleoli.

A

uniform…..nuclei

41
Q

Malignant or Benign: They have a well-developed cytoplasm.

A

BENIGN! (malignant has very little cytoplasm)

42
Q

What are the two Gross hallmarks of a malignant tumor?

A

1.Hemorrhage 2.Necrosis

43
Q

Malignant tumors lack a ______ and are not sharply demarcated from normal tissue.

A

capsule

44
Q

Because of their infiltrative growth and lack of sharp borders, malignant tumors cannot be ______ as easy as benign ones.

A

removed

45
Q

The capsule of a benign tumor is usually composed of ________ tissue.

A

connective

46
Q

Benign tumors have an ________ growth and usually _______ the normal, surrounding tissue.

A

EXPANSILE….COMPRESS

47
Q

Grossly, benign tumors are sharply demarcated from normal tissue and are often _________.

A

ENCAPSULATED

48
Q

The definitive diagnosis of tumors, whether benign or malignant is achieved by the _______ examination.

A

pathologic…ok Dr. fancy hotshot, everything goes through you

49
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms for turning a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

A

1.Point Mutations 2.Gene Amplification 3.Chromosomal Rearrangements 4.Insertion of Viral Genomes

50
Q

What 2 main things determine reversible from irreversible cell injury?

A

If the NUCLEUS remains untouched & the membrane remains intact

51
Q

_______ is seen in the living (with inflammation) and ______ is seen in tissues after death.

A

Necrosis…..autolysis

52
Q

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

A

1.Co-agul-ative 2.Lique-factive 3.Case-ous 4. Fat

53
Q

What is an example of Co-agu-lative necrosis?

A

Heart tissue undergoing Myocardial Infarction

54
Q

What is the MOST COMMON form of necrosis?

A

Co-agul-ative

55
Q

What are the 2 best examples of Lique-factive Necrosis?

A

Brain Infarcts (OR Staph Aureus in the lungs!)

56
Q

What is an example of Case-ous necrosis?

A

TB!!!(inside the granulmas where the bug is living…yellowish/cheesy

57
Q

What is the name of the complex for a caseous necrosis in TB?

A

Ghon complex…“go”-n

58
Q

What is an example of fat necrosis?

A

Rupture of the Pancreas! (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)

59
Q

_______ calcification: Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and frequently undergoes calcification.

A

Dystrophic

60
Q

______ calcification: Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury), usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

A

Metastatic

61
Q

Metastatic or Dystrophic? Seen in various disorders including Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, and Chronic Renal Failure. Formations of Calcium stones in sites such as the gallbladder, kidney and bladder are due to precipitation of the salts from solution into tissues.

A

Metastatic

62
Q

Metastatic or Dystrophic? 1. Calcifications in Atherosclerotic coronary arteries contributes to narrowing of the vessels.

  1. Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves leading to impeded blood flow (Stenosis)
  2. Calcifications seen around breast cancers that can be visualized by mammography.
  3. Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital Toxoplasmosis.
A

Dystrophic

63
Q

Where do I find a nirtosamine? How are they created? What are the 2 main cancers that arise from it?

A

Preservatives in foods…Nitrites react with food to make the nirtosamine….Esophageal and Stomach

64
Q

What cancer does 3,4 Benzpyrene cause?

A

LUNG cancer (3,4 benzpyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in cigarette smoke)

65
Q

Cytologic/Histologic ______ is based on the degree of anaplasia and on the number of proliferating cells.

A

grading

66
Q

Who grades? Who stages?

A

Pathologist grades….oncologist stages

67
Q

Grade I tumors are __________ differentiated tumors

A

Grade I tumors are Well-Differentiated

68
Q

Grade II tumors are __________ differentiated.

A

Grade II tumors are Moderately Differentiated.

69
Q

• Grade III tumors are_______ or ______ differentiated.

A

Grade III tumors are Poorly or Undifferentiated.

70
Q

The choice of a medical versus a surgical treatment approach to cancer is influenced by the stage of a tumor, which refers to the extent of ______.

A

SPREAD

71
Q

TNM cancer staging system, gives a number designation to ________, _________ status, and _______ to determine the stage.

A

Tumor size….lymph Node status….Metastasis

72
Q

What are the 3 routes of metastases?

A

1.Lymphatics 2.Blood 3.Extention of the primary tumor

73
Q

Where are the __7__ most common squamous cell carcinomas located?

A

1.Lungs 2.Esophagous 3.Mouth 4.Tongue 5.Skin 6.Cervex 7.Penis

74
Q

Where are the __10__ most common adenocarcinomas located?

A

1.Colon 2.AdrenoCortico 3.Salivary Gland 4.Ovaires 5.Thyroid 6.PeriAortic Lymph nodes 7.Hepatic 8.Gastirc 9.BREAST 10.Prostate

75
Q

Which three countries have the highest incidence of Stomach cancer?

A

1.Japan 2.Chile 3.Ireland

76
Q

Which country has the highest incidence of ColoRectal cancer?

A

Right here baby, US the US of A

77
Q

What are the two best known Tumor Suppressor Genes?

A

1.Retin-o-blastoma (Rb-1) 2. p53

78
Q

What are the 4 pro to-oncogenes?

A

1.ras 2.erb-b 3.N-myc 4. C-myc

79
Q

Which virus is involved in Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

Human Herpes Virus 8

80
Q

What are the __6_ most common paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

1.Cushings Syndrome (ACTH secreting tumor) 2. Inappropriate AntiDiuresis (ADH secreting tumor) 3.Hypercalcemia (PTH producer) 4.Eaton-Lambert Syndrome (neuromuscular jxn issues) 5.Polycythemia 6.Venois Thrombosis

81
Q

______: A gas formed as a result of the decay chain of the uranium-_____ series of elements.

A

Radon…radium

82
Q

The daughter products of radon emit _____ particles that bind to ____ in the home and may be inhaled and deposited in the lungs.

A

alpha…dust

83
Q

The most important biochemical effect of UV radiation is the formation of ________of DNA.

A

pyrimidine dimers

84
Q

The effects of UV radiation on cells include ______ inactivation, inhibition of cell division, mutagenesis, cell death and _____.

A

enzyme….cancer

85
Q

What are 4 hormones associated with paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

1.ACTH 2.ADH 3.PTH 4. EPO

86
Q

What is the cancer associated with Vinyl Chloride (plastics) exposure?

A

AngioSarcomas of the Liver

87
Q

What are the 4 diseases caused by HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr)?

A

1.Mono 2.Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 3.Burkitt’s Lymphoma 4.NasoPharyngeal Carcinoma (Africa/Asia)

Clinical Pathology (5 decks)

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