Exam II Lecture 6

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

The pattern of disease in a population.

Primary goal is to identify the cause of disease.

Question 2

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 2

The first stage of investigation.

Focuses on describing disease distribution by characteristics relating to TIME, PLACE, AND PERSON.

Question 3

Analytic Epidemiology

Answer 3

Second stage in the epidemiologic study in which the HYPOTHESIS generated in the descriptive phase are tested.

Question 4

What is the key feature of an analytic epidemiology?

Answer 4

The comparison group!

Determines why and the how of the disease (causes)

Question 5

Epidemiology case control study

Answer 5

A group of people with disease and a group of people without the disease.

this is an observational study.

Question 6

Epidemiology Cohort study

Answer 6

Observational study.

Records whether each study participant is exposed or not and then tracks them to see if they develop the disease.

Question 7

Cross sectional study

Answer 7

Observational study

Samples persons from a population and then measures exposures and health outcomes similtaneously.

Can assess the prevalence of the health outcome at that point of time without regard to duration.

Question 8

Objective epidemiology

Answer 8

Evaluation of trends in health and disease and comparisons among countries and subgroups within countries.

Question 9

Prevalence

Answer 9

number of existing cases in a population at some designated time.

Question 10

Incidence rate

Answer 10

The rate of development of a disease in a group over a certain time period.

New cases/ Population at risk.

Question 11

What does the incidence of a disease help you determine?

Answer 11

Helps to determine the risk of developing the disease and the effects of exposure to a hypothesized factor of incedence

Question 12

What is morbidity?

Answer 12

Another term for illness, it is not death!

Prevalence often measures morbidity in a population.

Question 13

What is mortality?

Answer 13

another term for death.

The number of deaths due to a disease devided by the entire population is the mortality rate.

Question 14

What is the crude rate of something?

Answer 14

The actual number of cases/events in a population over a given time period.

**They do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition.

Question 15

Adjusted rate

Answer 15

A rate after controlling for differences in the distribution of a factor in a population.

ex- Age adjusted rate.

Question 16

Odd ratio that is less than 1

Answer 16

Protective factor

Question 17

Odds ratio that is greater than 1

Answer 17

Suggests a risk factor.

Question 18

Relative risk

Answer 18

Incidence rate in the exposed population/ incidence rate in the non exposed population,

Question 19

Describe how to interpret relative risk

Answer 19

RR = 1 no association
RR > 1 exposure is a risk factor
RR<1 exposure is a protective factor.

Question 20

Whats the difference between the odds ratio and the relative risk?

Answer 20

Odds ratio concerns the statement if people have the disease now how likely were they exposed to the risk factor in the past? (looks backward)

Relative risk is more if people are exposed how likely will they develop the disease (looks forward)

Question 21

Population atributable risk

Answer 21

Measures excess disease rate in the population.

Ex those who die from lung cancer that smoke vs those that dont.

Question 22

Sensitiivty

Answer 22

Proportion of persons with a condition who test positive on the screening test.

Question 23

Specificity

Answer 23

Proportions of persons without the condition who test negative on screening.

Question 24

Positive predictev value

Answer 24

The proportion of persons with a positive test who have the condition (true positives)

Question 25

Negative predictive value

Answer 25

Proportion of persons with negative tests who do not have the condition.