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NUNA 681 Pharm II > Exam II: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam II: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Controls visceral functions (____)

[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

involuntary

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2
Q

Activation occurs mainly from
hypothalamus, ___ and ___

[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

brainstem, and spinal cord

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3
Q

Divisions – (3):

[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric (GI function regulated independent from the two other divisions)

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4
Q

Enteric (GI function regulated___ the two other divisions)

[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

independent from

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5
Q

Activity is a balance between the first two; most target organs have innervation from both ___ and ___.
[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

There is a baseline “tone” that normally keeps the vessels ___ about 50%.

[Autonomic Nervous System]

A

constricted

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7
Q

Nerves arise from ___ to ___ segments of the spinal cord

[Sympathetic]

A

T1 to L2

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8
Q

Preganglionic neurons are located in the ___ horn of the spinal cord; fibers leave with the ___ nerve roots and go into one of ___pairs of ganglia in the paravertebral sympathetic chain.

[Sympathetic]

A

intermediolateral, ventral, 22

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9
Q

Some at the same level, but most travel ___ or ___ prior to synapsing.
[Sympathetic]

A

cephalad or caudad

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10
Q

In this chain, most preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with cell bodies of ___fibers.

[Sympathetic]

A

postganglionic

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11
Q

Most postganglionic fibers exit the chain for the ___.
Preganglionic – mostly myelinated, fairly slow B fibers
Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated C fibers
[Sympathetic]

A

target organs

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12
Q

Preganglionic – mostly myelinated, ___ fibers

[Sympathetic]

A

fairly slow B

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13
Q

Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated___
[Sympathetic]

A

Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated C fibers

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14
Q

May have some postganglionic fibers in gray rami leading to spinal nerves and traveling with these nerves to affect ___ muscle tone and the activity of ___muscles and ___.
[Sympathetic]

A

vascular smooth, piloerector, sweat glands

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15
Q

Some preganglionic fibers continue out of the ___ ___ to pass to an outlying collateral ganglion like the celiac or mesenteric ganglia.

[Sympathetic]

A

paravertebral chain

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16
Q

White ramus – ___
[Sympathetic]

A

myelinated

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17
Q

Nerves arise from cranial nerves ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____and from the sacral spinal cord

[Parasympathetic]

A

III, V, VII, IX, and X

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18
Q

Cranial ___, ___, ___, ___ – supply the head

[Parasympathetic]

A

III, V, VII, IX

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19
Q

Cranial ___(vagus) – 75% of all parasympathetic NS fibers are supplying the ___ and ___

[Parasympathetic]

A

X, thorax and abdomen

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20
Q

Sacral – ___, ___ and sometimes ___, ___ – supply the pelvis

[Parasympathetic]

A

S2, S3, S1, S4

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21
Q

Preganglionic fibers pass to ___near or in target organs
[Parasympathetic]

A

ganglia

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22
Q

Postganglionic neurons are ___, due to their proximity to the target organ (contrasting with those of ___ NS)

[Parasympathetic]

A

short, sympathetic

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23
Q

All preganglionic neurons release ___) – cholinergic fibers

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

acetylcholine (ACh

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24
Q

ACH release at preganglionic fibers activates both ___ and ___postganglionic fibers.

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

SNS and PNS

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25
Q

___ fibers and some ___fiber (sweat glands and some blood vessels) secrete Ach.
[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

PNS postganglionic, SNS

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26
Q

An increase in the ___ of Ach affects both as well
[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

availability

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27
Q

Sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release ___ – called ___fibers.

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

norepinephrine, adrenergic

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28
Q

Other neurotransmitters of the ANS include ___, ___, ___, and ____.

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

dopamine, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y.

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29
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in ___ in nerve endings.

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

A

synaptic vesicles

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30
Q

Synthesized from ____ and ___ by series of enzymatic-controlled steps.
Tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine

[Norepinepherine]

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine

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31
Q

May circulate and has a slightly longer action than ___ (circulating ½ life of ___ minutes).
[Norepinepherine]

A

ACh, 2

32
Q

Sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release ____ – called ___ fibers.

[Norepinepherine]

A

norepinephrine, adrenergic

33
Q

Other neurotransmitters of the ANS include dopamine, Vasoactive ___, ____, ___.

[Norepinepherine]

A

Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y

34
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in ___ vesicles in ___

[Norepinepherine]

A

synaptic, nerve endings

35
Q

Synthesized from ___ and ___ by series of enzymatic-controlled steps
Tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-___-___
[Norepinepherine]

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine
norepinephrine-epinephrine

36
Q

May circulate and has a slightly longer action than ___ (circulating ½ life of ___ minutes).
[Norepinepherine]

A

ACh, 2

37
Q

Termination of action
Reuptake - ___% back into ___sympathetic nerve endings
Reusable
Can be ___ (cocaine)

[Norepinepherine]

A

80, postganglionic
blocked

38
Q

Metabolism
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) – located intracellularly on the ___ of noradrenergic nerve endings
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) – located excellularly in many tissues, mostly in the ___.

[Norepinepherine]

A

mitochondria
liver

39
Q

Dilution by___ from receptors
[Norepinepherine]

A

diffusion

40
Q

Synthesized from ___ and ___ by choline acetyltransferase.

[Acetylcholine]

A

choline and acetyl coenzyme A

41
Q

Stored in ___ vesicles

[Acetylcholine]

A

synaptic

42
Q

Rapidly metabolized by ____to choline and acetate.

[Acetylcholine]

A

acetylcholinesterase

43
Q

Short duration and highly ___effect
[Acetylcholine]

A

localized

44
Q

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic
Inhibition of norepinephrine release (___ feedback loop) - ___

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

negative,
presynaptic

45
Q

A2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic
Effects the ___synaptic alpha 2 receptors in the CNS (___polarization - sedation, decreased MAC, decreased sympathetic outflow causing ___ and ___)

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

post, hyper, vasodilation and decreased BP

46
Q

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic
Contraction of some vascular smooth muscle (___-synaptic)

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

postsynaptic

47
Q

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic
Platelet aggregation (___-synaptic)
___ insulin release

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Postsynaptic
Decrease

48
Q

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic
act via G protein subgroup ___, inhibiting ___ ___, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels. The net effect is ___ of the SNS response.
[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Gi, adenylate cyclase, downregulation

49
Q

Alpha-2 receptors are largely ___ and act via G protein subgroup Gi, ___ adenylate cyclase, reducing ___ and ___
The net effect is downregulation of the SNS response.

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

presynaptic, inhibiting, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels.

50
Q

Beta1 stimulation – ___, located in the ___

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

postsynaptic, heart

51
Q

Inotropic – ___

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

increased force of contraction

52
Q

___– increased heart rate

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Chronotropic

53
Q

Dromotropic – ___
[Sympathetics - Review]

A

increased conduction

54
Q

Beta receptors are also G protein linked, (protein ___), adenylate cyclase activity is___, leading to increased ____.
Stimulation initiates ___ ___ ___ reactions and stimulates sodium-potassium pump

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Gs, increased, intracellular cAMP
cascading protein phosphorylation

55
Q

Beta2 stimulation –___, located in ___ and ___

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

postsynaptic, smooth muscle and gland cells

56
Q

B 2 Stim:
Relaxation of the___, ___ and vascular smooth muscles (bronchodilation, vasodilation, relaxation of the uterus, GU/GI.)

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

respiratory, uterine

57
Q

B 2 stim:
___ of skeletal muscle vasculature

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Vasodilation

58
Q

B 2 stim:
Relaxation of ___ muscle of eye – far vision

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

ciliary

59
Q

B 2 stim:
Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, ___insulin release

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

increase

60
Q

2nd messenger, ___ is increased
(similar to B1), but intracellular response is
___ specific (may cause different effects in
different cell types)

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

cAMP, tissue

61
Q

Dopamine1 –___
Vasodilation of renal, ___, ___, and cerebral blood vessels

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

postsynaptic, mesenteric, coronary

62
Q

Dopamine2 – ___
Inhibit release of ___
Nausea and vomiting
[Sympathetics - Review]

A

presynaptic, norepinephrine

63
Q

Dopamine 1 – G protein ___ – ___ adenylate cyclase – ___cAMP

[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Gs, increase, increase

64
Q

Dopamine 2 – G protein ___ – ___ adenylate cyclase – ___ cAMP
[Sympathetics - Review]

A

Gi, decrease, decrease

65
Q

Cholinergic
___ –all receptors within a ANS ganglion
Also receptors at ___

[Receptor]

A

Nicotinic, NMJ

66
Q

Muscarinic
M1 – ___ ___ and the __

[Receptor]

A

autonomic ganglia and the CNS

67
Q

M2 – in the ___ and ___ ___

[Receptor]

A

principally in the heart and salivary glands

68
Q

M3 – ___ ___

[Receptor]

A

bronchial tree

69
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ____ channels – membrane proteins that form ___ ion channels.

[Receptors]

A

ligand-gated ion, nonselective

70
Q

Muscarinic receptors are ___ protein coupled receptors – more like ___ receptors.

[Receptors]

A

G, adrenergic

71
Q

Muscarinic ___, ___, ___ – G protein Gq – increase phospholipase C – increase ___, ___, ___

[Receptors]

A

1, 3, 5, IP3, DAG, Ca++

72
Q

Muscarinic __, ___ – G protein Gi – ___ adenylate cyclase – ____cAMP

[Receptors]

A

2, 4, decrease, decrease

73
Q

Innervated by ____ fibers that come directly from the ___ ___(bypassing the paravertebral ganglia)

[Adrenal Medulla]

A

preganglionic, spinal cord

74
Q

SNS stimulation causes release of ____(80%) and ___ (20%) which act as ___ instead of neurotransmitters.

[Adrenal Medulla]

A

epinephrine , NE, hormones

75
Q

Thus, the effects are prolonged (___ to ___seconds) and possibly stimulation of parts ___ ___ by the SNS.

[Adrenal Medulla]

A

10 to 30, not innervated

76
Q

Preganglionic fibers
Prolonged effect reflects the time necessary for metabolism of ___, ___, and ___

[Adrenal Medulla]

A

E and NE by COMT.

77
Q

Metabolic rate of all cells can be influenced by hormones released from the ___ ___, even those cells ___ ___ by the SNS.
[Adrenal medulla]

A

adrenal medulla, not innervated

NUNA 681 Pharm II (12 decks)

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