Exam II: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Controls visceral functions (____)

[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 1

involuntary

Question 2

Activation occurs mainly from
hypothalamus, ___ and ___

[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 2

brainstem, and spinal cord

Question 3

Divisions – (3):

[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 3

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric (GI function regulated independent from the two other divisions)

Question 4

Enteric (GI function regulated___ the two other divisions)

[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 4

independent from

Question 5

Activity is a balance between the first two; most target organs have innervation from both ___ and ___.
[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

There is a baseline “tone” that normally keeps the vessels ___ about 50%.

[Autonomic Nervous System]

Answer 6

constricted

Question 7

Nerves arise from ___ to ___ segments of the spinal cord

[Sympathetic]

Answer 7

T1 to L2

Question 8

Preganglionic neurons are located in the ___ horn of the spinal cord; fibers leave with the ___ nerve roots and go into one of ___pairs of ganglia in the paravertebral sympathetic chain.

[Sympathetic]

Answer 8

intermediolateral, ventral, 22

Question 9

Some at the same level, but most travel ___ or ___ prior to synapsing.
[Sympathetic]

Answer 9

cephalad or caudad

Question 10

In this chain, most preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with cell bodies of ___fibers.

[Sympathetic]

Answer 10

postganglionic

Question 11

Most postganglionic fibers exit the chain for the ___.
Preganglionic – mostly myelinated, fairly slow B fibers
Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated C fibers
[Sympathetic]

Answer 11

target organs

Question 12

Preganglionic – mostly myelinated, ___ fibers

[Sympathetic]

Answer 12

fairly slow B

Question 13

Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated___
[Sympathetic]

Answer 13

Postganglionic – mostly unmyelinated C fibers

Question 14

May have some postganglionic fibers in gray rami leading to spinal nerves and traveling with these nerves to affect ___ muscle tone and the activity of ___muscles and ___.
[Sympathetic]

Answer 14

vascular smooth, piloerector, sweat glands

Question 15

Some preganglionic fibers continue out of the ___ ___ to pass to an outlying collateral ganglion like the celiac or mesenteric ganglia.

[Sympathetic]

Answer 15

paravertebral chain

Question 16

White ramus – ___
[Sympathetic]

Answer 16

myelinated

Question 17

Nerves arise from cranial nerves ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____and from the sacral spinal cord

[Parasympathetic]

Answer 17

III, V, VII, IX, and X

Question 18

Cranial ___, ___, ___, ___ – supply the head

[Parasympathetic]

Answer 18

III, V, VII, IX

Question 19

Cranial ___(vagus) – 75% of all parasympathetic NS fibers are supplying the ___ and ___

[Parasympathetic]

Answer 19

X, thorax and abdomen

Question 20

Sacral – ___, ___ and sometimes ___, ___ – supply the pelvis

[Parasympathetic]

Answer 20

S2, S3, S1, S4

Question 21

Preganglionic fibers pass to ___near or in target organs
[Parasympathetic]

Answer 21

ganglia

Question 22

Postganglionic neurons are ___, due to their proximity to the target organ (contrasting with those of ___ NS)

[Parasympathetic]

Answer 22

short, sympathetic

Question 23

All preganglionic neurons release ___) – cholinergic fibers

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 23

acetylcholine (ACh

Question 24

ACH release at preganglionic fibers activates both ___ and ___postganglionic fibers.

[Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 24

SNS and PNS

Question 25

___ fibers and some ___fiber (sweat glands and some blood vessels) secrete Ach. [Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 25

PNS postganglionic, SNS

Question 26

An increase in the ___ of Ach affects both as well [Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 26

availability

Question 27

Sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release ___ – called ___fibers. [Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 27

norepinephrine, adrenergic

Question 28

Other neurotransmitters of the ANS include ___, ___, ___, and ____. [Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 28

dopamine, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y.

Question 29

Neurotransmitters are stored in ___ in nerve endings. [Physiology / Neurotransmitters]

Answer 29

synaptic vesicles

Question 30

Synthesized from ____ and ___ by series of enzymatic-controlled steps. Tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine [Norepinepherine]

Answer 30

phenylalanine and tyrosine

Question 31

May circulate and has a slightly longer action than ___ (circulating ½ life of ___ minutes). [Norepinepherine]

Answer 31

ACh, 2

Question 32

Sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release ____ – called ___ fibers. [Norepinepherine]

Answer 32

norepinephrine, adrenergic

Question 33

Other neurotransmitters of the ANS include dopamine, Vasoactive ___, ____, ___. [Norepinepherine]

Answer 33

Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y

Question 34

Neurotransmitters are stored in ___ vesicles in ___ [Norepinepherine]

Answer 34

synaptic, nerve endings

Question 35

Synthesized from ___ and ___ by series of enzymatic-controlled steps Tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-___-___ [Norepinepherine]

Answer 35

phenylalanine and tyrosine norepinephrine-epinephrine

Question 36

May circulate and has a slightly longer action than ___ (circulating ½ life of ___ minutes). [Norepinepherine]

Answer 36

ACh, 2

Question 37

Termination of action Reuptake - ___% back into ___sympathetic nerve endings Reusable Can be ___ (cocaine) [Norepinepherine]

Answer 37

80, postganglionic blocked

Question 38

Metabolism Monoamine oxidase (MAO) – located intracellularly on the ___ of noradrenergic nerve endings Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) – located excellularly in many tissues, mostly in the ___. [Norepinepherine]

Answer 38

mitochondria liver

Question 39

Dilution by___ from receptors [Norepinepherine]

Answer 39

diffusion

Question 40

Synthesized from ___ and ___ by choline acetyltransferase. [Acetylcholine]

Answer 40

choline and acetyl coenzyme A

Question 41

Stored in ___ vesicles [Acetylcholine]

Answer 41

synaptic

Question 42

Rapidly metabolized by ____to choline and acetate. [Acetylcholine]

Answer 42

acetylcholinesterase

Question 43

Short duration and highly ___effect [Acetylcholine]

Answer 43

localized

Question 44

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic Inhibition of norepinephrine release (___ feedback loop) - ___ [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 44

negative, presynaptic

Question 45

A2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic Effects the ___synaptic alpha 2 receptors in the CNS (___polarization - sedation, decreased MAC, decreased sympathetic outflow causing ___ and ___) [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 45

post, hyper, vasodilation and decreased BP

Question 46

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic Contraction of some vascular smooth muscle (___-synaptic) [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 46

postsynaptic

Question 47

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic Platelet aggregation (___-synaptic) ___ insulin release [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 47

Postsynaptic Decrease

Question 48

A 2 stim: presynaptic, postsynaptic act via G protein subgroup ___, inhibiting ___ ___, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels. The net effect is ___ of the SNS response. [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 48

Gi, adenylate cyclase, downregulation

Question 49

Alpha-2 receptors are largely ___ and act via G protein subgroup Gi, ___ adenylate cyclase, reducing ___ and ___ The net effect is downregulation of the SNS response. [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 49

presynaptic, inhibiting, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels.

Question 50

Beta1 stimulation – ___, located in the ___ [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 50

postsynaptic, heart

Question 51

Inotropic – ___ [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 51

increased force of contraction

Question 52

___– increased heart rate [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 52

Chronotropic

Question 53

Dromotropic – ___ [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 53

increased conduction

Question 54

Beta receptors are also G protein linked, (protein ___), adenylate cyclase activity is___, leading to increased ____. Stimulation initiates ___ ___ ___ reactions and stimulates sodium-potassium pump [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 54

Gs, increased, intracellular cAMP cascading protein phosphorylation

Question 55

Beta2 stimulation –___, located in ___ and ___ [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 55

postsynaptic, smooth muscle and gland cells

Question 56

B 2 Stim: Relaxation of the___, ___ and vascular smooth muscles (bronchodilation, vasodilation, relaxation of the uterus, GU/GI.) [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 56

respiratory, uterine

Question 57

B 2 stim: ___ of skeletal muscle vasculature [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 57

Vasodilation

Question 58

B 2 stim: Relaxation of ___ muscle of eye – far vision [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 58

ciliary

Question 59

B 2 stim: Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, ___insulin release [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 59

increase

Question 60

2nd messenger, ___ is increased (similar to B1), but intracellular response is ___ specific (may cause different effects in different cell types) [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 60

cAMP, tissue

Question 61

Dopamine1 –___ Vasodilation of renal, ___, ___, and cerebral blood vessels [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 61

postsynaptic, mesenteric, coronary

Question 62

Dopamine2 – ___ Inhibit release of ___ Nausea and vomiting [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 62

presynaptic, norepinephrine

Question 63

Dopamine 1 – G protein ___ – ___ adenylate cyclase – ___cAMP [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 63

Gs, increase, increase

Question 64

Dopamine 2 – G protein ___ – ___ adenylate cyclase – ___ cAMP [Sympathetics - Review]

Answer 64

Gi, decrease, decrease

Question 65

Cholinergic ___ –all receptors within a ANS ganglion Also receptors at ___ [Receptor]

Answer 65

Nicotinic, NMJ

Question 66

Muscarinic M1 – ___ ___ and the __ [Receptor]

Answer 66

autonomic ganglia and the CNS

Question 67

M2 – in the ___ and ___ ___ [Receptor]

Answer 67

principally in the heart and salivary glands

Question 68

M3 – ___ ___ [Receptor]

Answer 68

bronchial tree

Question 69

Nicotinic receptors are ____ channels – membrane proteins that form ___ ion channels. [Receptors]

Answer 69

ligand-gated ion, nonselective

Question 70

Muscarinic receptors are ___ protein coupled receptors – more like ___ receptors. [Receptors]

Answer 70

G, adrenergic

Question 71

Muscarinic ___, ___, ___ – G protein Gq – increase phospholipase C – increase ___, ___, ___ [Receptors]

Answer 71

1, 3, 5, IP3, DAG, Ca++

Question 72

Muscarinic __, ___ – G protein Gi – ___ adenylate cyclase – ____cAMP [Receptors]

Answer 72

2, 4, decrease, decrease

Question 73

Innervated by ____ fibers that come directly from the ___ ___(bypassing the paravertebral ganglia) [Adrenal Medulla]

Answer 73

preganglionic, spinal cord

Question 74

SNS stimulation causes release of ____(80%) and ___ (20%) which act as ___ instead of neurotransmitters. [Adrenal Medulla]

Answer 74

epinephrine , NE, hormones

Question 75

Thus, the effects are prolonged (___ to ___seconds) and possibly stimulation of parts ___ ___ by the SNS. [Adrenal Medulla]

Answer 75

10 to 30, not innervated

Question 76

Preganglionic fibers Prolonged effect reflects the time necessary for metabolism of ___, ___, and ___ [Adrenal Medulla]

Answer 76

E and NE by COMT.

Question 77

Metabolic rate of all cells can be influenced by hormones released from the ___ ___, even those cells ___ ___ by the SNS. [Adrenal medulla]

Answer 77

adrenal medulla, not innervated