Exam II Antimicrobials General Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Beta-Lactams?

A

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Monobactams

Carbapenems

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2
Q

What are the types of penicillins ranked from least to most coverage?

A

Naturally occurring Penicillins

Aminopenicillins

Penicilinase Sensitive Penicillins

Antipseudomonal Penicillins

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3
Q

How do Bacteria resist Penicillin?

A

Bacteria change the confirmation sites at the penicillin-binding protein.

Bacteria create enzyme (penicillinase, or beta-lactamase) to destroy beta-lactam antibiotics.

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4
Q

Do Carbapenems have any significant ADRs and DDIs?

A

Imipenem is coformulated with cilastatin to protect the kidneys from it’s nephrotoxic metabolite (inhibits dehydropeptidase)

Meropenem causes a fast and rapid decrease in Valproic acid

Doripenem is least susceptible for MDR, GNR and Pseudomonas beta-lactamase

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5
Q

What drugs to use with Penicillin allergy?

Allergies caused by sidechains

A

Cephalosporin 3rd Gen < 0.5% chance of cross reacting

Cephalosporin 1st or 2nd Gen 2% chance of cross reacting

Carbapenem < 1% chance of cross reacting

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6
Q

How do you test Dose Antibiotics?

A

Test Dose = 1/10th of the target dose

Ex. Test Dose 100 mg of Cefepime

Target Dose 1000 mg Cefepime

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7
Q

How do Glycopeptides work?

A

Inhibit Penicillin binding protein from cross linking peptidoglycan.

Effective to overcome beta-lactamase or penicillinase mutations.

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8
Q

When would you administer PO Vancomycin?

A

For CDiff

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9
Q

How do Tetracyclines work?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by preventing tRNA binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit.

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10
Q

How do Fluoroquinolones work?

A

Inhibit both DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV.

Prevent bacterial from replicating DNA

Renal Concerns

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11
Q

Fluoroquinolone ADRs

A
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12
Q

How do Macrolides work?

A

Inhibit Protein synthesis by preventing tRNA binding at the 50s ribosomal subunit.

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13
Q

What DDIs are you concerned about with non Z-pack macrolides?

A

CYP interactions

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14
Q

How does Clindamycin work?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by preventing tRNA binding to 50s ribosomal subunit.

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15
Q

What are the ADEs associated with Clindamycin?

A

Nausea, GI upset, multiple dosing a day.

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16
Q

How does Metronidazole work?

A

Inhibits DNA synthesis by causing strand breakage.

17
Q

What ADEs does Metronidazole

A

Peripheral Neuropathy, GI intolerance, metallic taste

18
Q

How does SMX / TMP (Bactrim) work?

A

Inhibits formation of nucleic acids needed for DNA synthesis/replication.

SMX inhibits dihydropteroate

Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

19
Q

How do Aminoglycosides work?

A

Irreversibly bind with 30s subunit, causing the mRNA to be misread.

20
Q

What are the two methods of dosing Aminoglycosides?

A

Once Daily (preferred)

Peak dose extended interval

Conventional

Small doses more frequently allowing for Renal monitor etc.

21
Q

How do you determine the Extended dosing interval of AMinoglycosides?

A

Use the Hartford Nomogram. Frequency-based off drug level at certain time points posts dosage.

22
Q

What needs to be monitored in conventional dosing of Aminoglycosides?

A

Peaks and Troughs

This is the dosing used for Synergy.

23
Q

How does Nitrofurantoin Work?

A

Metabolized within the Bacterial Cell to reactive intermediates that destroy DNA and ribosomal Proteins.

24
Q

How do Oxazolidinones work?

A

Bind the 50s ribosome inhibits the ability for 30s ribosome to bind. Does not allow protein synthesis to occur.

25
What Oxazolidinone can cause Serotonin Excess?
Linezolid can cause SS when used with other drugs.
26
How does Daptomycin work?
Binds calcium and inserts into the phospholipid cytoplasmic membrane. Other Daptomycin molecules aggregate and create holes in membrane.
27
Where should you never use Daptomycin?
Pneumonia, it will bind with surfactant and be ineffective.
28
How do streptogramins work?
Inhibit 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting tRNA from binding.
29
How does Rifampin work?
Inhibits RNA polyermase
30
How does Fosfomycin work?
Inhibits enzyme MurA, causing cell death by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
31
How does Fidaxomicin work?
Binds to RNA Polymerase preventing transcription.
32
Which Antibiotic can decrease Oral Contraceptive effectiveness?
Rifampin
33
What are the universal concerns of an antibiotic?
Yeast Infection Diarrhea Predisposition to C Diff
34
Dose-Adjusted Liver
Dicloxacillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Doxycycline Minocycline Tetracycline Tigercycline Omadacycline Eravacycline Azithromycin Clindamycin Metronidazole Linezolid Tedizolid Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Rifampin
35
Dose-Adjusted Renal
Penicillin VK Penicillin G Amoxicillin Ampicillin Piperacillin Piperacillin/Tazobactam Ticarcillin/Clavulanate Ampicillin/Sulbactam Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid Cefazolin Cephalexin Cefadroxil Cefaclor Cefprozil Cefuroxime Lorbacef Cefotetan Cefoxitin Cefepime Ceftaroline Ceftazidime/Avibactam Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Ertapenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Meropenem Doripenem Meropenem/Varobactam Aztrenam Vancomycin Dalbavancin Telavancin Oritavancin Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Delafloxacin Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim Amikacin Gentamicin Tobramycin Plazomicin Nitrofurantoin Daptomycin