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Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Alpine Tundra

elevation and size

A

above 11,000 feet

patch size = 10,000 acres

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2
Q

Apline Tundra vegetation and unique characteristics

A

9 rare and Colorado-endemic plants

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3
Q

Alpine Tundra Key species

A

pika, marmot, finch, Ptarmigan, elk, big horn sheep, and mountain goat

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4
Q

Alpine Tundra Conservation Status

A

Excellent condition, and has highest protection scores. Biggest threat is climate change.

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5
Q

Spruce-fir

Elevation and size

A

9,500 to 11,500 feet

patch size = 20,000 acres

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6
Q

Spruce-fir vegetation

A

Englemann spruce and subalpine fir

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7
Q

Spruce-fir

Key species

A

pine marten, lynx, red squirrel, snowshoe hair, boreal owls, elk, gray jay, and nutcracker.

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8
Q

Spruce-fir

conservation status

A

Healthy, intact, and well protected
managed by US Forest service
biggest threat is climate change

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9
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Elevation and size

A

5,000 to 9,000 feet

patch size = 30,000 acres

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10
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Vegetation

A

Pinyon pine and/or one-seed juniper

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11
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Key species

A

bats, cottontails, woodrats, rock squirrels, deer mice, gray foxes, mule deer, and mountain line

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12
Q

Pinyon Juniper Conservation status

A

Public and private ownership. Declined in extent and quality. Threats are urban development, recreation, invasive species, and energy development

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13
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

Elevation and size

A

Below 6000 feet

patch size = 50,000 acres

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14
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

vegetation

A

shortgrass

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15
Q

Shortgrass prairie

Key species

A

Cow, pronghorn, prairie dogs, coyotes, burrowing owl, hawk, mountain popover, longspur, long-billed curlew, and black-footed ferret

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16
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

conservation status

A

Almost all is in private ownership

threats are renewable and non-renewable energy production, oil and gas, and expansion of urban and exurban communities.

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17
Q

What affects biome distribution?

A

climate, temperature, and precipitation

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18
Q

Ecosystems/ecological systems

A

combination of biotic community and abiotic components

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19
Q

Biodiversity status

A

size, condition, landscape context,

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20
Q

Threat status

A

future and historic trends for development, population growth, and highways

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21
Q

Protection status

A

conservation tenure, management intent, potential management effectiveness

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22
Q

Riparian

A

vegetation habitats, or ecosystems that are associated with bodies of water or are dependent on the existence of perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral surface or subsurface water drainage

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23
Q

What is in the Wildlife Manager’s toolbox

A 
foundational knowledge
scientific method
techniques/populations
ecosystem management
systems thinking
spread the word
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24
Q

Agencies

A

NPS, USFWS, USFS, TNC, CPW

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25
NPS
Preserve biological resources and ecosystem processes, ecosystem management
26
USFWS
Develop partnerships to conserve ecosystems upon which listed species depend
27
USFS
Ecosystem management coordination staff
28
TNC
Conservation by protect lands and waters that plants and animals need to survive
29
CPW
habitat restoration/healthy ecosystems and biodiversity
30
Common components of ecosystem management
ecological, social/political, economic
31
Edward Grumbine's ecosystem management
goals: viable populations, native ecosystem types, long time periods, enough to maintain and evolve, accommodate human use and occupancy
32
System
a group of interacting, interrelated, and interdependent components that form a complex unified whole
33
Market Hunting Era
1850-1899 New settlers - right to tame wild lands Myth of superabundance Hunted Bison, passenger pigeon, cardinal parakeet
34
Preservation Era
Legal protections National parks service - John Muir First national wildlife refuge Theodore Roosevelt established first forest preserve Gifford Pinchot proposed sustainable use of forests
35
Era of Game Management
1930-1965 "Conservation Era" Game management by Aldo Leopold Great Depression, drought years, and dust bowl in the 1930s. civilian conservation corps - planted 3 billion trees Ding Darling Soil conservation service (NRCS), Bureau of Land Management, the Wildlife Society
36
Ding Darling
appointed by FDR | reporter, cartoonist, duck stamp, biological survey (USFWS), and national wildlife federation
37
Environmental Era
``` 1966-1984 Silent Spring by Rachel Carson Environmentalists, Endangered species act of 1973 National Environmental policy act (1970) Environmental Protection Agency ```
38
Present Era
1990s - Present Conservation biology, biodiversity, animal rights, ecosystem management, human dimensions, ecosystem services, environmental justice
39
Wildlife Management
the application of scientific knowledge and technical skills to protect, conserve, limit
40
Components of wildlife management
biota habitat people
41
Biota
what is the target species or community
42
habitat
what are the necessary habitat requirements? management plan
43
People
what are the human/societal values or impacts that may come into play here?
44
Goals of wildlife management
increase decrease maintain
45
Direct management
increase, decrease, maintain
46
Indirect Management
habitat alteration, humans, prey manipulation
47
Categories of wildlife
Game - harvested | Non game - not harvested
48
Big Game
Deer account for most big game harvested
49
Furbearers
Beavers
50
Ecosystem Engineer
species that physically alter their habitat in such a way that other species and systems are altered
51
Migratory Game birds
waterfowl and non-webbed migratory game birds
52
Small Game and upland birds
birds and small mammals regularly hunted for sport but not classified as forbearers, waterfowl, or migratory game birds
53
Classifications of Game
Big Game, Furbeareres, Migratory Game Bird, Small Game and upland birds
54
Non Game classifications
Threatened and Endangered Species, watchable wildlife
55
3 types of management approaches
featured species maximize species richness Ecosystem management
56
Featured species
game or threatened/endangered species Pros: Focuses on a few species cons: needs of other species ignored
57
Maximize species richness
number of species Pros: Managing for many species Cons: sometimes non-natives are included
58
Ecosystem management errors
small scale, think of systems as closed, not understanding life history and ecology, over-simplification, failure to evaluate management impacts
59
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees exist for all entities doing vertebrate research agree with need for data, approve methods as appropriate/ethical/legal
60
Non-invasive techniques
observation, hair snares (genetics and sex), track plates, scat, radar
61
What can you determine by monitoring sound
species, location, behavior, estimate numbers
62
Invasive techniques
Trapping, drift fence, insect sampling, netting
63
Trapping: small-medium mammals
``` snap traps (traditional mouse traps) Sherman live traps (mark and recapture animals) Havahart traps (like Sherman but larger) ```
64
Drift Fence for Herptiles
Funnel trap for arboreal snake
65
Insect sampling methods
Pitfall traps, sweep nets, beat sheet, aspirator, D-frame, Nets
66
Netting
Mist netting - birds and bats Harp net - bats Net guns - large birds and mammals drop nets
67
Mist netting
Birds and bats
68
Harp Net
bats
69
Net guns
large birds and mammals
70
Marking methods
permanent, semi-permanent - tags, radio-telemetry, collars, tattoos, bands, toe clipping, PIT tags
71
Bird banding
``` international protocols Need license (master bander) ```
72
PIT
Passive integrated transponder tags | Tracking animal movement
73
What is a fishery
an exploited population of aquatic animals, not just fish
74
How many people rely on fish to obtain protein
2.6 billion people | Need 200 billion pounds per year
75
Ecosystem importance of fish
27,300 species described (half of all vertebrates) Indicators of ecosystem health what about non-charismatic species?
76
Goal of fishery management
gather information and apply knowledge so actions can be taken to achieve management objectives
77
Management objectives of fishery
Sustainable use conservation of biodiversity human health
78
types of sampling for fish
passive capture, active capture, non-capture
79
passive capture
set it and wait
80
active capture
actively search
81
non-capture
visual observation
82
Types of passive capture
Gill nets Trap (fyke) nets Long lines, pot or catfish traps
83
Trap (fyke) nets
Near the shore. Has to be anchored to the shoreline and a boat
84
Types of active capture
seining, cast net, trawl, electro-fishing
85
Seining
Purse seine Lake and commercial Black seine
86
Trawl
By-catch | habitat destruction
87
Electro-fishing
backpack, boat, bank, barge, raft
88
Noncapture methods
Hydroacoustics (SONAR) creel survey snorkel/scuba counting towers
89
measurements and data we need to collect for fisheries
species, length, weight, movement, habitat use, age, sex, reproductive condition, health/disease, died
90
Body measurements for fish
scale aging | Otolith (ring structures)
91
Fish marking
Fin clipping, PIT tags, Floy tags, coded wire tags, tattoos
92
Diet observation for fish
gastric lavage
93
Fish movement
even small stream fish can move a mile a day | some fish migrate hundreds of miles to spawn
94
Fish movement, frequency, and distance is affected by
species, resource availability, age
95
Fish passage structures
pool and weir, vertical slot, fish elevators, rock ramp fishway, salmon cannon

Wildlife Ecology And Conservation (11 decks)

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