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Wildlife Ecology And Conservation > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Alpine Tundra

elevation and size

A

above 11,000 feet

patch size = 10,000 acres

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2
Q

Apline Tundra vegetation and unique characteristics

A

9 rare and Colorado-endemic plants

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3
Q

Alpine Tundra Key species

A

pika, marmot, finch, Ptarmigan, elk, big horn sheep, and mountain goat

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4
Q

Alpine Tundra Conservation Status

A

Excellent condition, and has highest protection scores. Biggest threat is climate change.

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5
Q

Spruce-fir

Elevation and size

A

9,500 to 11,500 feet

patch size = 20,000 acres

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6
Q

Spruce-fir vegetation

A

Englemann spruce and subalpine fir

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7
Q

Spruce-fir

Key species

A

pine marten, lynx, red squirrel, snowshoe hair, boreal owls, elk, gray jay, and nutcracker.

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8
Q

Spruce-fir

conservation status

A

Healthy, intact, and well protected
managed by US Forest service
biggest threat is climate change

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9
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Elevation and size

A

5,000 to 9,000 feet

patch size = 30,000 acres

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10
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Vegetation

A

Pinyon pine and/or one-seed juniper

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11
Q

Pinyon Juniper

Key species

A

bats, cottontails, woodrats, rock squirrels, deer mice, gray foxes, mule deer, and mountain line

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12
Q

Pinyon Juniper Conservation status

A

Public and private ownership. Declined in extent and quality. Threats are urban development, recreation, invasive species, and energy development

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13
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

Elevation and size

A

Below 6000 feet

patch size = 50,000 acres

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14
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

vegetation

A

shortgrass

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15
Q

Shortgrass prairie

Key species

A

Cow, pronghorn, prairie dogs, coyotes, burrowing owl, hawk, mountain popover, longspur, long-billed curlew, and black-footed ferret

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16
Q

Shortgrass Prairie

conservation status

A

Almost all is in private ownership

threats are renewable and non-renewable energy production, oil and gas, and expansion of urban and exurban communities.

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17
Q

What affects biome distribution?

A

climate, temperature, and precipitation

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18
Q

Ecosystems/ecological systems

A

combination of biotic community and abiotic components

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19
Q

Biodiversity status

A

size, condition, landscape context,

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20
Q

Threat status

A

future and historic trends for development, population growth, and highways

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21
Q

Protection status

A

conservation tenure, management intent, potential management effectiveness

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22
Q

Riparian

A

vegetation habitats, or ecosystems that are associated with bodies of water or are dependent on the existence of perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral surface or subsurface water drainage

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23
Q

What is in the Wildlife Manager’s toolbox

A 
foundational knowledge
scientific method
techniques/populations
ecosystem management
systems thinking
spread the word
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24
Q

Agencies

A

NPS, USFWS, USFS, TNC, CPW

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25
Q

NPS

A

Preserve biological resources and ecosystem processes, ecosystem management

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26
Q

USFWS

A

Develop partnerships to conserve ecosystems upon which listed species depend

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27
Q

USFS

A

Ecosystem management coordination staff

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28
Q

TNC

A

Conservation by protect lands and waters that plants and animals need to survive

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29
Q

CPW

A

habitat restoration/healthy ecosystems and biodiversity

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30
Q

Common components of ecosystem management

A

ecological, social/political, economic

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31
Q

Edward Grumbine’s ecosystem management

A

goals: viable populations, native ecosystem types, long time periods, enough to maintain and evolve, accommodate human use and occupancy

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32
Q

System

A

a group of interacting, interrelated, and interdependent components that form a complex unified whole

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33
Q

Market Hunting Era

A

1850-1899
New settlers - right to tame wild lands
Myth of superabundance
Hunted Bison, passenger pigeon, cardinal parakeet

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34
Q

Preservation Era

A

Legal protections
National parks service - John Muir
First national wildlife refuge
Theodore Roosevelt established first forest preserve
Gifford Pinchot proposed sustainable use of forests

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35
Q

Era of Game Management

A

1930-1965 “Conservation Era”
Game management by Aldo Leopold
Great Depression, drought years, and dust bowl in the 1930s.
civilian conservation corps - planted 3 billion trees
Ding Darling
Soil conservation service (NRCS), Bureau of Land Management, the Wildlife Society

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36
Q

Ding Darling

A

appointed by FDR

reporter, cartoonist, duck stamp, biological survey (USFWS), and national wildlife federation

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37
Q

Environmental Era

A 
1966-1984
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Environmentalists, Endangered species act of 1973
National Environmental policy act (1970)
Environmental Protection Agency
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38
Q

Present Era

A

1990s - Present
Conservation biology, biodiversity, animal rights, ecosystem management, human dimensions, ecosystem services, environmental justice

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39
Q

Wildlife Management

A

the application of scientific knowledge and technical skills to protect, conserve, limit

40
Q

Components of wildlife management

A

biota
habitat
people

41
Q

Biota

A

what is the target species or community

42
Q

habitat

A

what are the necessary habitat requirements? management plan

43
Q

People

A

what are the human/societal values or impacts that may come into play here?

44
Q

Goals of wildlife management

A

increase
decrease
maintain

45
Q

Direct management

A

increase, decrease, maintain

46
Q

Indirect Management

A

habitat alteration, humans, prey manipulation

47
Q

Categories of wildlife

A

Game - harvested

Non game - not harvested

48
Q

Big Game

A

Deer account for most big game harvested

49
Q

Furbearers

A

Beavers

50
Q

Ecosystem Engineer

A

species that physically alter their habitat in such a way that other species and systems are altered

51
Q

Migratory Game birds

A

waterfowl and non-webbed migratory game birds

52
Q

Small Game and upland birds

A

birds and small mammals regularly hunted for sport but not classified as forbearers, waterfowl, or migratory game birds

53
Q

Classifications of Game

A

Big Game, Furbeareres, Migratory Game Bird, Small Game and upland birds

54
Q

Non Game classifications

A

Threatened and Endangered Species, watchable wildlife

55
Q

3 types of management approaches

A

featured species
maximize species richness
Ecosystem management

56
Q

Featured species

A

game or threatened/endangered species
Pros: Focuses on a few species
cons: needs of other species ignored

57
Q

Maximize species richness

A

number of species
Pros: Managing for many species
Cons: sometimes non-natives are included

58
Q

Ecosystem management errors

A

small scale, think of systems as closed, not understanding life history and ecology, over-simplification, failure to evaluate management impacts

59
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
exist for all entities doing vertebrate research
agree with need for data, approve methods as appropriate/ethical/legal

60
Q

Non-invasive techniques

A

observation, hair snares (genetics and sex), track plates, scat, radar

61
Q

What can you determine by monitoring sound

A

species, location, behavior, estimate numbers

62
Q

Invasive techniques

A

Trapping, drift fence, insect sampling, netting

63
Q

Trapping: small-medium mammals

A 
snap traps (traditional mouse traps)
Sherman live traps (mark and recapture animals)
Havahart traps (like Sherman but larger)
64
Q

Drift Fence for Herptiles

A

Funnel trap for arboreal snake

65
Q

Insect sampling methods

A

Pitfall traps, sweep nets, beat sheet, aspirator, D-frame, Nets

66
Q

Netting

A

Mist netting - birds and bats
Harp net - bats
Net guns - large birds and mammals
drop nets

67
Q

Mist netting

A

Birds and bats

68
Q

Harp Net

A

bats

69
Q

Net guns

A

large birds and mammals

70
Q

Marking methods

A

permanent, semi-permanent - tags, radio-telemetry, collars, tattoos, bands, toe clipping, PIT tags

71
Q

Bird banding

A 
international protocols
Need license (master bander)
72
Q

PIT

A

Passive integrated transponder tags

Tracking animal movement

73
Q

What is a fishery

A

an exploited population of aquatic animals, not just fish

74
Q

How many people rely on fish to obtain protein

A

2.6 billion people

Need 200 billion pounds per year

75
Q

Ecosystem importance of fish

A

27,300 species described (half of all vertebrates)
Indicators of ecosystem health
what about non-charismatic species?

76
Q

Goal of fishery management

A

gather information and apply knowledge so actions can be taken to achieve management objectives

77
Q

Management objectives of fishery

A

Sustainable use
conservation of biodiversity
human health

78
Q

types of sampling for fish

A

passive capture, active capture, non-capture

79
Q

passive capture

A

set it and wait

80
Q

active capture

A

actively search

81
Q

non-capture

A

visual observation

82
Q

Types of passive capture

A

Gill nets
Trap (fyke) nets
Long lines, pot or catfish traps

83
Q

Trap (fyke) nets

A

Near the shore. Has to be anchored to the shoreline and a boat

84
Q

Types of active capture

A

seining, cast net, trawl, electro-fishing

85
Q

Seining

A

Purse seine
Lake and commercial
Black seine

86
Q

Trawl

A

By-catch

habitat destruction

87
Q

Electro-fishing

A

backpack, boat, bank, barge, raft

88
Q

Noncapture methods

A

Hydroacoustics (SONAR)
creel survey
snorkel/scuba
counting towers

89
Q

measurements and data we need to collect for fisheries

A

species, length, weight, movement, habitat use, age, sex, reproductive condition, health/disease, died

90
Q

Body measurements for fish

A

scale aging

Otolith (ring structures)

91
Q

Fish marking

A

Fin clipping, PIT tags, Floy tags, coded wire tags, tattoos

92
Q

Diet observation for fish

A

gastric lavage

93
Q

Fish movement

A

even small stream fish can move a mile a day

some fish migrate hundreds of miles to spawn

94
Q

Fish movement, frequency, and distance is affected by

A

species, resource availability, age

95
Q

Fish passage structures

A

pool and weir, vertical slot, fish elevators, rock ramp fishway, salmon cannon

Wildlife Ecology And Conservation (11 decks)

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