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Wildlife Ecology And Conservation > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

Study of living organisms and their vital processes

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2
Q

Wildlife

A

Non-domesticated animals in their natural environments including vertebrates and invertebrates

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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

diversity of life - genetic, species, community, and ecosystem diversity as well as ecological processes

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4
Q

wildlife management

A

application of knowledge and skills to protect, conserve limit, or enhance wildlife populations

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5
Q

Natural Resources

A

Products/experiences provided by the Earth that have values to humans. Renewable/nonrenewable

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6
Q

Conservation

A

sustained use of a resource

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7
Q

Preservation

A

“hands off” no manipulation of a species or its habitat

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8
Q

Sustainable

A

meets the needs of present without compromising ability to meet needs of future

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9
Q

Natural History

A

biology, ecology, habits, and other characteristics of species

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10
Q

Ecology

A

study of interrelationships among living systems and their environments

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11
Q

Who owns wildlife in the US?

A

The public

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12
Q

Benefits of managing wildlife

A

diseases control, limit starvation of species

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13
Q

Potential problems of managing wildlife

A

By helping one species, you can inadvertently harm another

funding

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14
Q

Genes

A

the sentences (using codons) that spell out how to construct proteins which produce traits

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15
Q

Locus

A

the position of the gene

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16
Q

diploid

A

organisms - pair of chromosomes

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17
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same genes. Code for different versions of the same trait

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18
Q

Heterozygous traits

A

different alleles from each parent

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19
Q

Homozygous trait

A

identical alleles from each parent

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20
Q

Genotype

A

an individuals genetic blueprint

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

what an individual looks like - outward appearance

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22
Q

Genotypic variation

A

differences in the genetic makeup of individuals

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23
Q

Phenotypic variation

A

differences in morphological makeup

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24
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the sequence of GACT or the “blueprint”

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25
Q

Causes of mutation

A

radiation, replication errors, chemicals

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26
Q

Evolution

A

a change in allele frequency in a population over time

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27
Q

Natural selection

A

environmental factors favor particular inherited traits

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28
Q

Things you need for natural selection

A

Genetic variation
Overproduction of offspring
struggle for existence
differential survival and reproduction

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29
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

shares mutations with offspring and creates new allele combinations.
randomly creates new genotypes which may be less well (or perhaps better) adapted
costly in time and energy
risky - an adult has to develop from a fertilized egg

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30
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

You have to evolve as fast as you can to stay in the same place

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31
Q

Artificial selection

A

directed by humans

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32
Q

Loss of genetic variation

A

genetic drift, Inbreeding, small pop./endangered species

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33
Q

Speciation

A

new species are often produced when populations are isolated for long periods of time

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34
Q

What level does evolution occur?

A

Population level

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35
Q

Facts

A

observations about the world around us

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36
Q

Hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation

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37
Q

Theory

A

a well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation

38
Q

Law

A

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some phenomenon of nature

39
Q

Populations

A

Group of interacting individuals of same species living in a given area at a given time

40
Q

Polyandry

A

one female to several males

41
Q

Polygyny

A

One male to several females

42
Q

Monogamy

A

seasonal or lifetime, one partner

43
Q

Promiscuity

A

indiscriminate mating

44
Q

Population abundance

A

number of individuals of a species that occupy a particular area

45
Q

Density

A

Number/area

46
Q

what contributes to population abundance?

A

births and deaths

47
Q

Birth or natality rate

A

number of births per number of individuals in a population over a specified period of time

48
Q

Mortality or death rate

A

number/proportion of population dying over a specified time period

49
Q

Fecundity

A

number of eggs produced per female (physical ability)

50
Q

Fertility

A

percent of eggs that are fertile (potential)

51
Q

Production

A

Actual number of surviving offspring produced by a population

52
Q

Recruitment

A

number of new individuals reaching breeding age in population

53
Q

Fitness

A

Relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genetic material in an environment

54
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals from one location to another

55
Q

immigration rate

A

number of individuals entering population

56
Q

emigration rate

A

number of animals leaving population

57
Q

Biotic potential

A

maximum rate at which populations can grow when no resources are limiting

58
Q

r-selected life history

A

adaptations for rapid population growth

reproduce rapidly, high mortality, rapid turnover, good dispersal, little effort in young, many offspring

59
Q

carrying capacity (k)

A

maximum number of individual in a population that the habitat can sustain
depends on habitat, cover, food, etc

60
Q

K-selected life history

A

competition for resources is intense, good competition
low reproductive rates, few offspring, more effort into young
adapted for more stable habitat

61
Q

maximum sustained yield

A

populations maintained at 1/2 k will result in the maximum number of animals that can be harvested each year

62
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Human overuse destroys a shared limited resource

63
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

factors that cause higher mortality rate as population becomes more dense

64
Q

Density-independent factors

A

factors that operate independently of population density (weather, accidents)

65
Q

Population

A

all individuals of a species in given area that interact with eachother

66
Q

community

A

assemblage of populations of species that interact with eachother in same environment

67
Q

ecosystem

A

communities interacting with non-living matter/energy in environment

68
Q

species

A

groups of populations that actually or potentially interbreed with each other and produce viable offspring
Reproductively isolated from other groups
genetic barrier, behavioral barrier, physical barrier

69
Q

Order of Classifications

A 
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order,
Family
Genus
species
70
Q

habitat

A

A place or area where a population or an animal lives

Provides welfare factors or life-sustaining habitat components

71
Q

Habitat components (welfare factors)

A

food, food specificity, water, cover, space, oxygen, special needs

72
Q

Niche

A

Species’ place and function within the environment. Habitat and actions

73
Q

Fundamental niche

A

all physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species is adapted to for life, growth, and reproduction and could potentially occupy.

74
Q

Realized niche

A

Portion of fundamental niche actually occupied by a species

may be restricted by competitive interactions with other species

75
Q

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

A

two species cannot have the exact same niche

76
Q

Limiting factor principle/law of the minimum

A

organism’s growth is limited by the factor in the shortest supply

77
Q

The Principle of tolerance limits

A

Tolerances vary with individuals within a species or with development/season

78
Q

Coevolution

A

Species that interact over long time period influence each other’s traits via natural selection

79
Q

Predator ambush

A

Ambush, stalking, cooperative hunting

80
Q

Prey defense

A

speed and agility, armor, weaponry

81
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

close relationship, often highly dependent

82
Q

Parasitism

A

slow form of predation

83
Q

Mutualism

A

both species benefit

84
Q

Commensalism

A

“I help you, you do nothing for me”

85
Q

Competition

A

They both decline until one shifts niches or dies off

86
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

as food is passed from one organism to another, the potential energy contained in the food supply is reduced step by step until all the E in the system becomes dissipated as heat

87
Q

Food chains

A

pathways over which energy flows through an ecosystem

88
Q

Trophic levels

A

feeding levels within a food chain

89
Q

food webs

A

natural systems have more than one route through which energy flows.

90
Q

Biosphere

A

sum of all ecosystems on Earth.

Wildlife Ecology And Conservation (11 decks)

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