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Wildlife Ecology And Conservation > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

Study of living organisms and their vital processes

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2
Q

Wildlife

A

Non-domesticated animals in their natural environments including vertebrates and invertebrates

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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

diversity of life - genetic, species, community, and ecosystem diversity as well as ecological processes

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4
Q

wildlife management

A

application of knowledge and skills to protect, conserve limit, or enhance wildlife populations

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5
Q

Natural Resources

A

Products/experiences provided by the Earth that have values to humans. Renewable/nonrenewable

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6
Q

Conservation

A

sustained use of a resource

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7
Q

Preservation

A

“hands off” no manipulation of a species or its habitat

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8
Q

Sustainable

A

meets the needs of present without compromising ability to meet needs of future

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9
Q

Natural History

A

biology, ecology, habits, and other characteristics of species

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10
Q

Ecology

A

study of interrelationships among living systems and their environments

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11
Q

Who owns wildlife in the US?

A

The public

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12
Q

Benefits of managing wildlife

A

diseases control, limit starvation of species

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13
Q

Potential problems of managing wildlife

A

By helping one species, you can inadvertently harm another

funding

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14
Q

Genes

A

the sentences (using codons) that spell out how to construct proteins which produce traits

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15
Q

Locus

A

the position of the gene

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16
Q

diploid

A

organisms - pair of chromosomes

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17
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same genes. Code for different versions of the same trait

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18
Q

Heterozygous traits

A

different alleles from each parent

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19
Q

Homozygous trait

A

identical alleles from each parent

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20
Q

Genotype

A

an individuals genetic blueprint

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

what an individual looks like - outward appearance

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22
Q

Genotypic variation

A

differences in the genetic makeup of individuals

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23
Q

Phenotypic variation

A

differences in morphological makeup

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24
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the sequence of GACT or the “blueprint”

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25
Causes of mutation
radiation, replication errors, chemicals
26
Evolution
a change in allele frequency in a population over time
27
Natural selection
environmental factors favor particular inherited traits
28
Things you need for natural selection
Genetic variation Overproduction of offspring struggle for existence differential survival and reproduction
29
Sexual reproduction
shares mutations with offspring and creates new allele combinations. randomly creates new genotypes which may be less well (or perhaps better) adapted costly in time and energy risky - an adult has to develop from a fertilized egg
30
Red Queen Hypothesis
You have to evolve as fast as you can to stay in the same place
31
Artificial selection
directed by humans
32
Loss of genetic variation
genetic drift, Inbreeding, small pop./endangered species
33
Speciation
new species are often produced when populations are isolated for long periods of time
34
What level does evolution occur?
Population level
35
Facts
observations about the world around us
36
Hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation
37
Theory
a well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
38
Law
a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some phenomenon of nature
39
Populations
Group of interacting individuals of same species living in a given area at a given time
40
Polyandry
one female to several males
41
Polygyny
One male to several females
42
Monogamy
seasonal or lifetime, one partner
43
Promiscuity
indiscriminate mating
44
Population abundance
number of individuals of a species that occupy a particular area
45
Density
Number/area
46
what contributes to population abundance?
births and deaths
47
Birth or natality rate
number of births per number of individuals in a population over a specified period of time
48
Mortality or death rate
number/proportion of population dying over a specified time period
49
Fecundity
number of eggs produced per female (physical ability)
50
Fertility
percent of eggs that are fertile (potential)
51
Production
Actual number of surviving offspring produced by a population
52
Recruitment
number of new individuals reaching breeding age in population
53
Fitness
Relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genetic material in an environment
54
dispersal
movement of individuals from one location to another
55
immigration rate
number of individuals entering population
56
emigration rate
number of animals leaving population
57
Biotic potential
maximum rate at which populations can grow when no resources are limiting
58
r-selected life history
adaptations for rapid population growth | reproduce rapidly, high mortality, rapid turnover, good dispersal, little effort in young, many offspring
59
carrying capacity (k)
maximum number of individual in a population that the habitat can sustain depends on habitat, cover, food, etc
60
K-selected life history
competition for resources is intense, good competition low reproductive rates, few offspring, more effort into young adapted for more stable habitat
61
maximum sustained yield
populations maintained at 1/2 k will result in the maximum number of animals that can be harvested each year
62
Tragedy of the Commons
Human overuse destroys a shared limited resource
63
Density-dependent factors
factors that cause higher mortality rate as population becomes more dense
64
Density-independent factors
factors that operate independently of population density (weather, accidents)
65
Population
all individuals of a species in given area that interact with eachother
66
community
assemblage of populations of species that interact with eachother in same environment
67
ecosystem
communities interacting with non-living matter/energy in environment
68
species
groups of populations that actually or potentially interbreed with each other and produce viable offspring Reproductively isolated from other groups genetic barrier, behavioral barrier, physical barrier
69
Order of Classifications
``` Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus species ```
70
habitat
A place or area where a population or an animal lives | Provides welfare factors or life-sustaining habitat components
71
Habitat components (welfare factors)
food, food specificity, water, cover, space, oxygen, special needs
72
Niche
Species' place and function within the environment. Habitat and actions
73
Fundamental niche
all physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species is adapted to for life, growth, and reproduction and could potentially occupy.
74
Realized niche
Portion of fundamental niche actually occupied by a species | may be restricted by competitive interactions with other species
75
Principle of Competitive Exclusion
two species cannot have the exact same niche
76
Limiting factor principle/law of the minimum
organism's growth is limited by the factor in the shortest supply
77
The Principle of tolerance limits
Tolerances vary with individuals within a species or with development/season
78
Coevolution
Species that interact over long time period influence each other's traits via natural selection
79
Predator ambush
Ambush, stalking, cooperative hunting
80
Prey defense
speed and agility, armor, weaponry
81
Symbiotic relationships
close relationship, often highly dependent
82
Parasitism
slow form of predation
83
Mutualism
both species benefit
84
Commensalism
"I help you, you do nothing for me"
85
Competition
They both decline until one shifts niches or dies off
86
second law of thermodynamics
as food is passed from one organism to another, the potential energy contained in the food supply is reduced step by step until all the E in the system becomes dissipated as heat
87
Food chains
pathways over which energy flows through an ecosystem
88
Trophic levels
feeding levels within a food chain
89
food webs
natural systems have more than one route through which energy flows.
90
Biosphere
sum of all ecosystems on Earth.

Wildlife Ecology And Conservation (11 decks)

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