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BIO 353: Advanced Human Physiology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

Information from Vestibular System to Learning and Memory. Does not contain visual or taste/smell

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the vestibulo-occular reflex?

A

Senses rotations of the head, commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite direction.

Stabilizes image on retina during head movement.

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2
Q

What is motion sickness?

A

Disagreement between the visual and vestibular system

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3
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

A disorder of the inner ear that can lead to dizzy spells (vertigo) and hearing loss.

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4
Q

What input contributes to food quality via the oral mucosa?

A

Tactile, thermal and nociceptive sensory input

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5
Q

What is an important factor in maintaining the acuity of taste receptor cells?

A

Saliva

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6
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell and taste due to head trauma, resp. infection, age.

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7
Q

______ and ______ have strong and direct connections to the limbic system.

A

Taste and smell

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8
Q

True or False. The olfactory bulb is one of the structures of the limbic system.

A

True

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9
Q

What happens when a taste receptor is activated by the appropriate chemical?

A

Its membrane potential changes

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10
Q

What does a depolarizing receptor potential do?

A

It causes Ca2+ to enter the cytoplasm and triggers the release of NT

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11
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Specialized receptors for acquiring information about the chemical environment

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12
Q

What forms synapses with the endings of gustatory afferent axons near the bottom of the taste bud?

A

Taste receptor cells

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13
Q

_______ channel proteins for Na+, K+ and Ca2+ are present int he plasma membrane with the _____ channel proteins located in larger numbers on the apical membrane of the taste cells.

A

Voltage-gated

K+ gated

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14
Q

What communicates with the dissolved solutes on the surface of the tongue with each taste pore?

A

Microvilli

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15
Q

The perception of odors begins with?

A

The inhalation and transport of volatile aromas to the olfactory mucosa

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16
Q

Each olfactory receptor has?

A

A long, thin dendrite that terminates in a knob at the surface

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17
Q

What emerges from the knob at the surface and are covered with mucous?

A

Several thin cilia

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18
Q

Molecules that enter the nasal cavity are absorbed where?

A

Into the mucous layer

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19
Q

True or False. Olfactory receptors are neurons.

A

True

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20
Q

What neurons are the only neurons in the nervous system that are replaced regularly through light (every 4 to 8 weeks)?

A

Olfactory neurons

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21
Q

As we age, what happens to the fibers and receptors in the olfactory bulb?

A

They decrease

22
Q

Define memory.

A

An organism’s ability to store, retain and subsequently recall information.

23
Q

What is learning?

A

The process of acquiring memories/procedures

24
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

25
Q

What are the brain regions involved in learning?

A

Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum

26
Q

What type of learning is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Declarative memory, episodic memory and semantic memory

27
Q

What type of learning is the prefrontral cortex involved in?

A

Working memory

28
Q

What type of learning is the striatum involved in?

A

Procedural memory

29
Q

What type of learning is the cerebral cortex involved in?

A

Perceptual memory, semantic memory, priming

30
Q

What type of learning is he amygdala involved in?

A

Emotional memory

31
Q

What type of learning is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Conditioned timing

32
Q

Long-term memory has two broad types. What are tehy/

A

Explicit (declarative), and

Implicit (non-declarative)

33
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of a synapse to change its strength (short and long-term)

34
Q

What are the two types of synaptic plasticity?

A

Potentiation (increase in synaptic strength) and depression (decrease in synaptic strength)

35
Q

What are the various mechanisms that can change synaptic plasticity?

A
  1. Change in number/functionality of postsynaptic receptors
  2. Change in amount of transmitter released
  3. Morphological changes
  4. Translational changes in receptor number
36
Q

What are the types of learning?

A

Associative, adaptive, imitation, supervised learning, and motor learning

37
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Hebb’s rule, multimodal

38
Q

What is Hebb’s rule?

A

Memories are stored in clusters of neurons called cell assemblies. If any one of those cells are activated you can recall the memory.

39
Q

What is adaptive learning?

A

Interactive, reinforcement learning

40
Q

What is imitation learning?

A

Learn from others (mirroring)

41
Q

What is supervised learning?

A

Developmental learning within circuits

42
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Procedural learning

43
Q

Efferent output from the CNS is divided into two pathways. What are these?

A

Autonomic and somatic nervous systems

44
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

45
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system/division induce?

A

Fight or flight activity

46
Q

What does the parasympathetic division induce?

A

Rest and digest (also reproductive functions) in relaxed states

47
Q

Most of the type the _______ nervous system is dominant.

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

What are neurotransmitters (NT)?

A

Made and released from neurons, travels across a synapse

49
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

Most release norepinephrine

50
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

True or False. Signal molecules can have different effects in different tissues. If true, what does this depend on?

A

True. It depends on receptors (alpha and beta)

BIO 353: Advanced Human Physiology (9 decks)

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