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BIO 353: Advanced Human Physiology > CVS and Lymph Study Guide > Flashcards

CVS and Lymph Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the CVS?

A

Transport nutrients, water, gases from external environment, cell-to-cell transport, waste

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2
Q

What is pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

Blood picks up O2 from the lungs and nutrients from intestines and simultaneously removes waste

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3
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels, generating blood pressure

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4
Q

What divides the heart into right and left halves?

A

The septum

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5
Q

Blood flows down _____.

A

pressure gradients

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6
Q

The mean BP ranges from a high ____ mm Hg in the _____ to a low of a ____ mm Hg in the _______.

A

93; aorta; few; venae cava

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7
Q

What can be said about pressure?

A

It falls over distance as energy is lost due to friction.

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8
Q

Pressure is created by contracting muscles and transferring that pressure to blood. True or False.

A

True

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9
Q

The _____ the pressure gradient, the greater the fluid flow.

A

higher

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10
Q

What ventricle creates the driving pressure for systemic flow?

A

The left

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11
Q

If blood vessels constrict, _____ increases.

A

blood pressure

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12
Q

If blood vessels dilate, ______ decreases.

A

blood pressure

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13
Q

True or False. Volume changes do not affect blood pressure in the cardiovascular system.

A

False. It greatly affects blood pressure.

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14
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

They send signals about blood pressure.

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15
Q

What are baroreceptors most concerned with?

A

Decreasing blood pressure.

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16
Q

Although the baroreceptors can respond to either an increase or decrease in systemic arterial pressure, what is their most important role?

A

Responding to sudden reductions in arterial pressure, such as a hemorrhage.

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17
Q

What results from a decrease in arterial firing?

A

Decreased baroreceptor firing.

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18
Q

What responds to baroreceptors (in the brain)?

A

Autonomic neurons within the medulla oblongata respond by increasing sympathetic and decreasing parasympathetic outflow.

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19
Q

What are some reasons in sudden drop in blood pressure?

A

dehydration, bleeding, drugs, anesthesia

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20
Q

What does the brain do when it senses a drop in blood pressure?

A

Will send signals to kidneys to stop urine production, reduce blood flow to some organs

21
Q

What is an aortic valve stenosis?

A

Occurs when the heart’s aortic valve narrows. It prevents the valve from opening fully, which reduces or blocks blood flow fromt he heart into the aorta.

22
Q

What are contractile cells?

A

Striated with sarcomere organization, smaller and have single nucleus per fiber, have intercalated disks

23
Q

What provides electrical connection between contractile cells?

A

Gap junctions

24
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

A chronic condition that causes fluid to build up around the heart making the heart unable to pump efficiently. It develops when ventricles can’t pump enough blood volume to body.

Eventually, blood and other fluids can back up inside the lungs, abdomen, liver and lower body.

25
Q

What is mitral valve regurgitation?

A

The heart’s mitral valve doesn’t close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the heart. It can make patients feel tired and out of breath.

26
Q

How long is the refractory period in cardiac muscle?

A

Almost as long as a muscle twitch.

27
Q

What does a long refractory period do? Why is this a good thing?

A

It prevents tetanus, which is sustained contraction.

A heart in tetany can not pump blood. A longer refractory period ensures that the heart cannot contract twice in a row too quickly.

28
Q

What is pacemaker potential?

A

The heart doesn’t “rest” at a set value, funny channels slowly leak Na+, net influx of positive charge slowly depolarizes cell to threshold.

29
Q

What do electrical conduction in myocardial cells depend on?

A

gap junctions

30
Q

True or False. All myocardial cells must contract in a coordinate fashion to create enough force to circulate the blood.

A

True.

31
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Routes the direction of electrical signals, delays the transmission of action potentials.

32
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Sets the pace of the heartbeat at 70 bpm.

33
Q

AV node (____BPM) and Purkinje fibers (_____BPM) can act as _______ under some conditions.

A

50 BPM; 25-40BPM; pacemakers

34
Q

What does the bundle branch block do?

A

Blocks conduction

35
Q

What are the pacemakers of the heart?

A

SA node - dominant pacemaker with intrinsic rate of 60-100 BPM

AV node - back-up pacemaker with intrinsic rate of 40-60 BPM

Ventricular cells - back-up pacemaker with intrinsic rate of 20-45 BPM

36
Q

How does the parasympathetic system control the heart?

A

The overall goal is to reduce heart rate. This is done by:

It is controlled by the Vagus nerve (CN X) and reduces heart rate. Baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid signal the brain about blood pressure, which releases acetylcholine at the SA node - increasing permeability to K+ and decreases the firing rate of the SA node

37
Q

How does the sympathetic system control the heart?

A

Sympathetic control of the heart is caused by stress, exercise, and increases HR.

Norepinephrine is releases which increases permeability of myocardial cells to Na+, and Ca2+.

Decreases threshold potential of SA node - fires more rapidly, faster conduction time.

38
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure? What affects mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance

Distance, viscosity, diameter

39
Q

How do capillary filtration and absorption take place?

A

Via bulk flow (velocity of blood flow lowest at capillaries)

40
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Mass movement as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

41
Q

What is absorption?

A

Fluid movement into capillaries with a net absorption at venous end

42
Q

What is filtration?

A

Fluid movement out of capillaries which is caused by hydrostatic pressure and a net filtration at arterial end

43
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A

Return fluid and proteins to circulatory system, pick up fat absorbed at small intestine and transfer it to circulatory system, serve as filter to help capture and destroy pathogens, waves of contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessels

44
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial place - inadequate drainage of lymph

45
Q

True or False. In a pulmonary circuit, hydrostatic pressure is lower so less fluid is lost from capillaries.

A

True

46
Q

Increasing blood pressure due to more blood in right ventricle leads to what?

A

Greater fluid loss in lung capillaries.

47
Q

What is pulmonary edema? What are some treatment options?

A

Vascular resistance of pulmonary circuit is low so BP in pulmonary circuit is lower. With higher blood pressures created by increased blood volume, there is more loss of fluid out of capillaries - this leads to fluid surrounding the alveoli in the lungs, congestion and poor O2 and CO2 exchange - and thus, increases HR.

Treatment options: diuretics and vasodilators

48
Q

What happens when there is a disruption of balance between filtration and absorption?

A

Increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, and decreases plasma protein concentration (caused by severe malnutrition or liver failure).

BIO 353: Advanced Human Physiology (9 decks)

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