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Biochem I Study Questions > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

Simple reducing sugars

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2
Q

Disaccharides:

A 
2 subunits (monosacchs) linked by glycosidic bonds.
Monomers can be same/different sugars.
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3
Q

Oligosaccharide subunits:

A

3-10

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4
Q

Polysaccharide subunits:

A

> 10-100s, often indigestible

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5
Q

Sugars contain either a/an ____ group or they contain a/an ____ group.

A

Aldehyde (carbonyl C on end)

Ketone (carbonyl C internal)

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6
Q

Sugars are named by number of ____.

A

Carbons

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7
Q

Disaccharides are created via monomer ____ synthesis.

A

Dehydration

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8
Q

Glucose + Fructose=

A

Sucrose (most common)

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9
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose

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10
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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11
Q

D sugar is identified by:

A

OH on bottom, chiral center points R

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12
Q

L sugar is identified by:

A

OH on bottom, chiral center points L

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13
Q

3 most common generic sugar names:

A

Glyceraldehyde (triose)
Ribose (pentose)
Glucose (hexose)

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14
Q

Generic sugar names for 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Cs:

A 
3-glyceraldehye
4-erythrose
5-ribose
6-glucose
7-sedoheptulose
9-neuraminic acid
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15
Q

Isomers:

A

Same chemical formula but structurally different

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16
Q

Structural isomer examples:

A

Fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose

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17
Q

Epimers:

A

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around 1 specific C

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18
Q

Stereoisomer examples:

C4, C2

A

Glucose and galactose- C4

Glucose and mannose- C2

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19
Q

Enantiomers:

A

Mirror images (chiral)

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20
Q

L and D sugars are considered:

A

Enantiomers

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21
Q

For many enantiomer structures, ____ biologically active.

A

1 of 2

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22
Q

Anomeric carbon:

A

Stereocenter formed with formation of 2 new diasteriomers

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23
Q

Alpha-anomeric carbon points ____.

A

Down

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24
Q

Beta-anomeric carbon points ____.

A

Up

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25
Q

Alpha and beta anomeric carbons ____ mirror images.

A

Aren’t

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26
Q

Reducing sugar determined by the state of the oxygen in the ____ group.

A

Aldehyde

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27
Q

If ____ group of an anomeric C of the cyclic sugar isn’t linked to another compound by glycosidic bond, the ring opens and closes.

A

Hydroxyl

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28
Q

Non-carbohydrate structures where glycosidic bonding is possible are: (5)

A

Purine, pyrimidine, aromatic rings, proteins, and lipids.

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29
Q

N-glycosidic links possible with ____ group.

A

NH2

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30
Q

O-glycosidic links possible with ____ group.

A

OH

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31
Q

Carbohydrate digestion is catalyzed by ____.

A

Glycoside hydrolases (glycosidases)

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32
Q

Enzyme for poly and oligosaccharides:

A

Endoglycosidase

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33
Q

Enzyme for tri and disaccharides:

A

Disaccharidase

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34
Q

Salivary alpha amylase acts briefly on ____ and ____ hydrolizing alpha 1-4 bonds.

A

Starch and glycogen

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35
Q

Dextrin is composed of:

A

Mixed short, branched and unbranched oligosaccharides

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36
Q

____ halts salivary alpha amylase in the stomach.

A

High acid

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37
Q

Small intestines further breaks down starch via:

A

Pancreatic alpha amylase

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38
Q

Monosaccharide absorption absorption occurs in ____ and ____.

A

Duodenum and upper jejunum

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39
Q

SGLT-1 transport protein transports ____ and ____ into mucosal cells.

A

Galactose and glucose

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40
Q

SGLT-1 is sodium ____.

A

Dependent

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41
Q

Glut-5 transport protein transports ____ into mucosal cells.

A

Fructose

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42
Q

Glut-5 transport is sodium ____.

A

Independent

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43
Q

Glut-2 transport protein transports galactose, glucose, and fructose from intestinal mucosal cell into the ____.

A

Portal circulation

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44
Q

Osmotic diarrhea is the result in a defect in a specific _____ enzyme.

A

Disaccharidase

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45
Q

Hypolactasia is apparent in ____ Caucasian adult population and ____ in African and Asian populations.

A

75% and 90%

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46
Q

Sucrase-isomaltase complex deficiency is passed genetically as

A

An autosomal recessive

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47
Q

Diagnosis of digestive enzyme deficiency is done by oral testing which does what?

A

Hydrogen test which identifies increased acetone in breath; increased ketones in blood and increased blood glucose.

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48
Q

In glycolysis pathways, the product serves as the ____ of the next reaction.

A

Substrate

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49
Q

In glycolysis, catabolic pathways are typically oxidative, coenzymes such as ____ are necessary.

A

NAD+

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50
Q

ATP consumption in glycolysis capable via ____, ____, and ____.

A

Glucokinase, hexokinase, and PFK

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51
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation part of glycolysis converts ____ to ____.

A

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

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52
Q

In glycolysis, ATP produced with ____ and ____ enzymes.

A

PGK

PK

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53
Q

In glycolysis, phase I ATP:

A

2 loss

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54
Q

In glycolysis, phase 2 ATP:

A

2 net gain

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55
Q

Glycolysis regulatory signals include:

A

Intracellular communication, intercellular communication, 2nd messenger systems, andenylyl cyclase

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56
Q

Intracellular communication for glycolysis regulation responds ____.

A

Rapidly

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57
Q

Intercellular communication for glycolysis regulation responds ____.

A

Slow

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58
Q

Glycolysis intracellular communication regulates:

A

Availability of substrates, product inhibition, alterations in levels of allosteric activators/inhibitors.

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59
Q

Glycolysis intercellular communication regulates:

A

Chemical signaling via blood borne hormones or neurotransmitters

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60
Q

In glycolysis, 2nd messenger systems:

A

Intervene between original messenger and ultimate effect on cell

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61
Q

In glycolysis, 2 types of 2nd messenger systems are:

A

Calcium/phosphatidylinositol and adenylyl cyclase systems

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62
Q

In glycolysis, adenylyl cyclase is:

A

Membrane bound enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP

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63
Q

Transport of glucose into cells for glycolysis ____ diffuse directly into cells.

A

Cannot

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64
Q

Transport of glucose into cells for glycolysis is ____ independent facilitated diffusion transport.

A

Na+

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65
Q

Na+ independent facilitated diffusion transport is mediated by which transports in cell membranes?

A

GLUT1-GLUT14

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66
Q

In glycolysis Na+ independent diffusion is either open for ____ or open to ____.

A

Extracellular glucose

Transport glucose

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67
Q

Na+ independent facilitated diffusion transport requires ____ energy.

A

No

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68
Q

GLUT1:

A

RBCs BBB, glucose uptake

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69
Q

GLUT2:

A

Liver kidneys, transport glucose to and from

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70
Q

GLUT3:

A

Neurons, glucose uptake from blood

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71
Q

GLUT4:

A

Adipose skeletal muscle (increased with insulin), glucose uptake from blood

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72
Q

GLUT5:

A

Small intestines testes, fructose

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73
Q

Transport of glucose into cells is either ____ or ____.

A

Na+ independent facilitated diffusion transport

ATP dependent Na+ monosaccharide co-transport system

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74
Q

ATP dependent Na+ monosaccharide cotransport system uses Na+ dependent ____ transporters to use to move.

A

Glucose

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75
Q

Na+ dependent glucose transporters use energy to move ____ and ____.

A

Against gradient

Active transport

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76
Q

In glycolysis, anaerobic energy yield:

A

2 ATP/ 1 glucose converted to 2 lactate

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77
Q

In glycolysis, aerobic energy yield:

A

2 ATP/ 1 glucose

2NADH/ 1 glucose, mostly oxidized by ETC, 3 ATP/ NADH

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78
Q

2 hormones in glycolysis:

A

Insulin and glucagon

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79
Q

In glycolysis, insulin:

A

Activation of many enzymes, high glucose levels

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80
Q

In glycolysis, glucagon:

A

Adenylyl cyclase (ATP->cAMP), low glucose levels

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81
Q

Reactions unique to gluconeogenesis:

A

Carboxylation of pyruvate, transport of oxaloacetate to the cytosol, decarboxylation of cystosolic oxaloacetate, dephosphorylation of F 1,6-BP, Dephosphorylation of G6-P

82
Q

In GNG, pyruvate 1st carboxylated by ____ to OAA

A

Pyruvate

83
Q

In GNG, OAA converted to PEP via ____.

A

PEP-carboxykinase

84
Q

in GNG, pyruvate carboxylase requires ____ coenzyme which covalently bonds to e amino group of lysine residue in enzyme.

A

Biotin

85
Q

In GNG, hydrolysis of ATP drives formation of ____.

A

Enzyme-biotin-CO2 intermediate

86
Q

OAA is formed in ____ of liver and kidney cells.

A

Mitochondria

87
Q

Allosteric regulation of pyruvate carboxylase via ____.

A

Acetyl CoA

88
Q

In GNG, increased levels of ____ in mitochondria, increased ____ of OAA is required.

A

Acetyl CoA

Synthesis

89
Q

During fasting, ____ synthesizes glucose via GNG in liver and kidney.

A

OAA

90
Q

In GNG, with decreased levels of ____, pyruvate carboxylate is ____ and pyruvate is oxidized.

A

Acetyl CoA

Inactive

91
Q

In GNG, pyruvate is oxidized via ____ complex producing acetyl CoA for TCA oxidate.

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

92
Q

OAA is converted to ____ for GNG to continue.

A

PEP

93
Q

OAA cannot fit into mitochondrial membrane until ____

A

Malate dehydrogenase converts it to malate

94
Q

Malate reoxidized to OAA via ____ as NAD+ reduces.

A

Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase

95
Q

In GNG, ____ is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to PEP in cytosol via PEP CK reaction.

A

OAA

96
Q

In GNG, hydrolysis of ____ leads to production of PEP in cytosol.

A

GTP

97
Q

Is pyruvate carboxylate and PEP CK favorable or unfavorable pathway from pyruvate to PEP?

A

Favorable

98
Q

Dephosphorylation of F 1,6-BP via:

A

Hydrolysis (F 1,6-BP-tase

99
Q

Dephosphorylation of F 1,6-BP favorable or unfavorable pathway for formation of F6P

A

Favorable

100
Q

F 1,6-BP-tase inhibited with elevated levels of:

A

AMP

101
Q

____ levels of ATP and ____ concentrations of AMPT stimulate GNG.

A

High, low

102
Q

Dephosphorylation of G6P via:

A

Hydrolysis (G6P-tase)

103
Q

G6P-tase bypasses ____ hexokinase reaction and provides ____ pathway for formation of free glucose.

A

Irreversible

Favorable

104
Q

G6P ____ transports G6P across ER membrane.

A

Translocase

105
Q

Biotin aids in the transfer of ____ groups.

A

CO2

106
Q

Biotin’s main hormone regulation:

A

Glucagon

107
Q

Glucagon comes from ____ cells of pancreatic islets.

A

Alpha

108
Q

Glucagon ____ level of F 1,6-BP-tase and inhibit PFK-1 favoring GNG.

A

Decrease

109
Q

Glucagon binds its ____ protein-coupled receptor.

A

G

110
Q

____level of cAMP levels and cAMP dependent prokinase allow glucagon binding.

A

Increased

111
Q

Glucose increases ____ of gene for PEP-CK-ase, increases ____ as ____ increases during fasting.

A

Transcription
Enzyme
Substrate

112
Q

PFK-1: ____ regulatory enzyme in glycolysis

A

Irreversible

113
Q

PFK-1: converts ____

A

F6P-> F 1,6-BP

114
Q

PFK-2: acts on ____ but not in glycolytic pathway.

A

F6P

115
Q

PFK: makes F 2,6-BP which further activates ____ stimulating glycolysis.

A

PFK-1

116
Q

Pyruvate must be transported into ____ before it can enter TCA cycle.

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

In TCA, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA via:

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-multi-enzyme

118
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex not part of the TCA cycle but major source of ____.

A

Acetyl CoA

119
Q

Citrate is synthesized from ____ and ____.

A

Acetyl CoA

OAA

120
Q

Citrate formation is catalyzed via ____.

A

Citrate synthase (Acetyl CoA and OAA condensed)

121
Q

Aldol condensation has ____ directed at citrate synthesis.

A

Equilibrium

122
Q

Citrate synthase is/is not an allosteric enzyme.

A

Is not

123
Q

Citrate synthase is inhibited via ____.

A

Citrate (product)

124
Q

Citrate synthase regulates ____ availability.

A

Substrate

125
Q

Binding of OAA causes ____ in enzyme, making binding site for acetyl CoA.

A

Change

126
Q

Citrate inhibits ____, the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis.

A

PFK

127
Q

Citrate ____ acetyl CoA carboxylase.

A

Activates

128
Q

Citrate isomerized via ____.

A

Aconitase

129
Q

____ inhibits aconitase, increases citrate.

A

Fluorocitrate

130
Q

In TCA, isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes ____ oxidative decarboxylation isocitrase.

A

Irreversible

131
Q

Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate yields:

A

1st NADH produced, 1st release of CO2

132
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase allosterically actived by ____ and ____.

A

ADP

Ca

133
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by ____ and ____.

A

ATP

NADH (increased with increased energy store)

134
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex ____ alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA.

A

Catalyzes

135
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate releases:

A

2nd CO2 and produces 2nd NADH

136
Q

The following coenzymes are required for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate:

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic aic, FAD, NAD+, CoA

137
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by its products:

A

NADH

Succinyl CoA

138
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activated by:

A

Ca

139
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is/is not regulated by dephosphorylation and phosphorylation reactions.

A

Is not

140
Q

Succinate thiokinase cleaves high energy thioester bond of ____.

A

Succinyl CoA

141
Q

During cleavage of succinyl CoA, ____ of GDP to GTP occurs.

A

Phosphorylation

142
Q

During cleavage of succinyl CoA, GTP and ATP are energetically ____ by nucleoside diphosphate kinase.

A

Interconvertible

143
Q

GTP can also be generated by ____.

A

Succinate thiokinase (substrate phosphorylation)

144
Q

Succinate is oxidized to ____ by succinate dehydrogenase.

A

Fumarate

145
Q

Coenzyme which is reduced to FADH2 during oxidation of succinate?

A

FAD

146
Q

What is the only enzyme of TCA embedded in inner membrane of mitochondrion?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

147
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase functions as complex ____ of ETC.

A

2

148
Q

Fumarate can be hydrated to form ____.

A

Malate

149
Q

Fumarate to malate reaction can be reversed with what enzyme?

A

Fumarase

150
Q

Malate is oxidized to OAA by ____ enzyme.

A

Malate dehydrogenase

151
Q

Oxidation of malate yields:

A

Final NADH produced

152
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation has 5 complexes, which ones are located in the inner membrane of mitochondrion?

A

Complexes 1-4 (part of ETC)

153
Q

Complex 1 enzyme:

A

NADH dehydrogenase

154
Q

Complex 2 enzyme:

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

155
Q

Complex 3 enzyme:

A

Cytochrome bc1

156
Q

Complex 4 enzyme:

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

157
Q

Complex 5 enzyme:

A

ATP synthase

158
Q

Coenzyme Q tail is ____.

A

Long, hydrophobic isoprenoid

159
Q

Coenzyme Q carrier:

A

Mobile carrier

160
Q

Coenzyme Q can accept H from ____ and ____.

A

FMNH2 and FADH2

161
Q

FMNH2 is seen in which complex?

A

1

162
Q

FADH2 is found in which complex?

A

2

163
Q

3-carbon molecule that is one of the final products of glycolysis:

A

Pyruvate

164
Q

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

165
Q

What is the main transformation that occurs during glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose.

166
Q

Glycolysis can or cannot occur without the presence of oxygen?

A

Can

167
Q

Product of pyruvate oxidation which enters the Krebs cycle is?

A

Acetyl CoA

168
Q

What part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place in?

A

Mitochondria

169
Q

The Krebs cycle produces how many ATP for 1 molecule of acetyl CoA?

A

12 ATP

170
Q

What is the main stimulatory factor for the PDH complex?

A

Ca

171
Q

Transport protein associated with skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?

A

GLUT4

172
Q

The most potent activator of PFK1 is?

A

F 2,6-BP

173
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase is or is not a reversible reaction.

A

Is

174
Q

How many ATP are consumed in glycolysis?

A

2

175
Q

What is the net ATP production in glycolysis?

A

2

176
Q

What are the 2 vitamins associated with NADH and FADH2?

A

Riboflavin and niacin

177
Q

What is the product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

A

Lactate

178
Q

Where in the mitochondria does the ETC take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

179
Q

What type of reaction takes smaller molecules and uses them to build more complex structures?

A

Anabolic

180
Q

What functions as a cofactor that aids in the transfer of CO2 groups?

A

Biotin

181
Q

NADH formed in the cytosol during glycolysis must be transported into the mitochondria via:

A

Malate-asparate shuttle

G3P shuttle

182
Q

What catalyzes the reaction for the conversion of citrate to isocitrate?

A

Aconitase

183
Q

Which cofactors are used during glycolysis?

A

Mg and K

184
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes reaction for the conversion from G6P to F6P?

A

Phosphoglucoisomerase

185
Q

Hormonal control of GNG is regulated by?

A

Glucagon

186
Q

In glycolysis, ATP production occurs with the reaction:

A

1,3BPG to 3PG

187
Q

How many ATP are technically made from the TCA cycle?

A

0

188
Q

Coenzyme Q accepts hydrogens from which complex?

A

Complex 1

189
Q

Once OAA is converted to malate in the cytosol, what is the next regulating enzyme in GNG?

A

F 1,6-BP

190
Q

Type of glycosidic bonds that humans are unable to digest?

A

Beta 1-4

191
Q

What is the first rate limiting step of the TCA cycle?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

192
Q

L sugar chiral OH points which direction?

A

Left

193
Q

Why must OAA be converted to GNG?

A

OAA cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane

194
Q

Why is it necessary to phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis?

A

It keeps glucose from diffusing across the membrane.

195
Q

The TCA cycle produces ____ ATP/ acetyl CoA oxidized.

A

12 ATP

196
Q

3 vitamins related to PDH complex?

A

Riboflavin
Thymin
Niacin

197
Q

Complex 5 of ETC involves re-entry of ____ back into the mitochondrial matrix.

A

Protons

198
Q

Electron transfer terminates at which complex?

A

Complex 4

199
Q

With a termination in electron transfer at complex 4, pH ____.

A

Decreases

200
Q

Glucagon binding happens when glucose levels are ____.

A

Low

201
Q

Pyruvate to lactate can be reversed in the ____.

A

Liver

Biochem I Study Questions (3 decks)

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