Exam II: 4B Respiratory System

Question 0

What are the respiratory muscles?

Which ones control inspiration and which one control expiration?

Answer 0

1) Diaphragm (inspiration)
2) External Intercostals (inspiration)

3) Internal Intercostals (expiration)
4) Abdominal muscles (expiration)

Question 1

What are the 2 main things the respiratory system does?

Answer 1

1) Ventilation (breathing or respiration)

2) Gas exchange

Question 2

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 2

• Dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and is pulled inferiorly into the abdomen and subsequently “flattens out”
• Vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity increases

Question 3

When the external intercostals contracts what 2 things do they do?

Answer 3

1) Elevate the ribs superolaterally (bucket handle)

2) Move the sternum anteriorly ( “pump handle” )

Question 4

What happens as a result of transverse & anteroposterior thoracic cavity dimensions with external intercostals.

Answer 4

Thoracic cavity increases

Question 5

What do the External Intercostals do when they contract?

Answer 5

1) Elevate the ribs superolaterally (“bucket handle”
2) Move the sternum anteriorly ( “pump handle”)

Note: As a result the transverse & anteroposterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity are increased.

Question 6

What is inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 6

Inhalation: active process, inspiratory muscles, and phrenic nerve.
Exhalation: passive process (quiet), elastic recoil, and active process (forced)

Question 7

What occurs when the internal intercostal contract?

Answer 7

They depress the ribcage and decrease thoracic volume.

Question 8

What occurs when the internal abdominal muscles contract?

Answer 8

They raise the intra-abdominal pressure, which forces the abdominal viscera superiorly against the diaphragm.

Question 9

What are the structure of the upper and lower respiratory?

Answer 9

upper= nose, pharynx, larynx

lower= trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar dicts & sacs, and alveoli

Question 10

What is the conduction zone?

Answer 10

• Moves air
• warms air
• moistens air
• filters air
• airway resistance

Question 11

What does the respiratory zone do?

Answer 11

Gas exchange

Question 12

Describe the airways channel air form the external atmosphere to the blood-gas interface.

Answer 12

Begins with the trachea (generation 0) and then branch repeatedly to yield a bronchial tree. The tree contains approx. 23 brach generations and comprises 2 distinct zones.

Question 13

Where is the greatest site of air resistance?

Answer 13

Within the bronchi and bronchioles (where there is LOTS of smooth muscle)

Question 14

What is the Bronchi & Bronchioles affected by (think sympathetic nervous system)

Answer 14

Beta 2 receptors (bronchodiation)

Question 15

What are bronchi and bronchioles must affected by in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Answer 15

Muscarinic receptors (bronchoconstriction)

Question 16

Where does the gas exchange sites occur?

Answer 16

• Within the Alveoli (richly surrounded by pulmonary capillaries)
• Smaller around in the respiratory bronchioles

Question 17

What kind of tissue is present in Respiratory Epithelium in trachea down to bronchioles?
What kind in alveoli?

Answer 17

Respiratory Epithelium = Psuedostratified columnar ciliated

Alveoli= Simple squamous

Question 18

Where do the Olfactory Receptors reside?

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 18

In the nasal cavities

4 paranasal sinuses:
1) frontal 2) maxillary 3) sphenoid 4) ethmoidal

Question 19

What is SINUSITIS? and why do they develop?

Answer 19

Mucosa that lines the sinuses is continuous w/ the mucosa that lines the nose, sinus infections often develop from colds in which the nasal mucosa is inflamed.

Question 20

What are the 3 main parts of the Pharynx?

And other important structures?

Answer 20

1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx

• Nasal conchae (in nose)
• Eustachian (auditory tube)
• Hard/Soft palate
• Uvula
• Tonsils:
• Pharyngeal (adenoid)
• Palatine
• Lingual

Question 21

Larynx is composed of which notable structures?

Answer 21

1) Thyroid cartilage (1)
2) Cricoid cartilage (1)
3) epiglottis (1)
4) Arytenoid cartilage (2)
5) Corniculate cartilage (2)
6) Cuneiform cartilage (2)

Question 22

Where are the vocal cords located?

Answer 22

Within the larynx

Question 23

Why are the arytenoid cartilages important?

Answer 23

Influences the postion and tension of the vocal cords

Question 24

What distinguishable feature is the trachea mainly composed of ?

Answer 24

• Tracheal rings, composed mainly of rigid cartilaginous rings (tracheal rings)
• Some smooth muscle exists, but rigidity limits the ability for changing diameter.

Question 25

What makes up the respiratory system?

Answer 25

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Question 26

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 26

Gas exchange occurs at the alveolar capillary barrier.

Question 27

Describe the lobes of the lungs

Answer 27

Right side has 3 lobes

Left side has 2 lobes

Question 28

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 28

The presence OF AIR in the INTRAPLEURAL SPACE on one side of the chest……. which leads to COLLAPSE

Question 29

What are the 3 layers of the Lung Pleurae?

Answer 29

1) Parietal Pleura (outer sac)
2) Visceral Pleura (like a wrap around the lungs)
3) Pleural Fluid (in pleural cavity)

Question 30

Does the intrapleural space contain fluid? explain

Answer 30

Contains just enough fluid to make both portions of the pleura moist & slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand & deflate w/ each breath

Question 31

What is the physiological significance of the alveolar-pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 31

Lies with the interface’s THINNESS & small amount of interstitial fluid

Question 32

What are Type I alveolar cells ? (Type I pneumocyte)

Answer 32

• Thin, flat (SIMPLE SQUAMOUS)

- 90 % alveolar surface area

Question 33

What are type II alveolar cells (Type II pneumocyte) ?

Answer 33

They synthesize pulmonary surfactant** (which prevents the collapse of the alveoli!!!!)

Question 34

What are alveolar macrophages (Dust cells)?

Answer 34

Clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms; frequently contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces (particularly in smokers) \