Exam II: 4B Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the respiratory muscles?
Which ones control inspiration and which one control expiration?
1) Diaphragm (inspiration)
2) External Intercostals (inspiration)
3) Internal Intercostals (expiration)
4) Abdominal muscles (expiration)
What are the 2 main things the respiratory system does?
1) Ventilation (breathing or respiration)
2) Gas exchange
What is the diaphragm?
- Dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and is pulled inferiorly into the abdomen and subsequently “flattens out”
- Vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity increases
When the external intercostals contracts what 2 things do they do?
1) Elevate the ribs superolaterally (bucket handle)
2) Move the sternum anteriorly ( “pump handle” )
What happens as a result of transverse & anteroposterior thoracic cavity dimensions with external intercostals.
Thoracic cavity increases
What do the External Intercostals do when they contract?
1) Elevate the ribs superolaterally (“bucket handle”
2) Move the sternum anteriorly ( “pump handle”)
Note: As a result the transverse & anteroposterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity are increased.
What is inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: active process, inspiratory muscles, and phrenic nerve.
Exhalation: passive process (quiet), elastic recoil, and active process (forced)
What occurs when the internal intercostal contract?
They depress the ribcage and decrease thoracic volume.
What occurs when the internal abdominal muscles contract?
They raise the intra-abdominal pressure, which forces the abdominal viscera superiorly against the diaphragm.
What are the structure of the upper and lower respiratory?
upper= nose, pharynx, larynx
lower= trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar dicts & sacs, and alveoli
What is the conduction zone?
- Moves air
- warms air
- moistens air
- filters air
- airway resistance
What does the respiratory zone do?
Gas exchange
Describe the airways channel air form the external atmosphere to the blood-gas interface.
Begins with the trachea (generation 0) and then branch repeatedly to yield a bronchial tree. The tree contains approx. 23 brach generations and comprises 2 distinct zones.
Where is the greatest site of air resistance?
Within the bronchi and bronchioles (where there is LOTS of smooth muscle)
What is the Bronchi & Bronchioles affected by (think sympathetic nervous system)
Beta 2 receptors (bronchodiation)
What are bronchi and bronchioles must affected by in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Muscarinic receptors (bronchoconstriction)
Where does the gas exchange sites occur?
- Within the Alveoli (richly surrounded by pulmonary capillaries)
- Smaller around in the respiratory bronchioles
What kind of tissue is present in Respiratory Epithelium in trachea down to bronchioles?
What kind in alveoli?
Respiratory Epithelium = Psuedostratified columnar ciliated
Alveoli= Simple squamous
Where do the Olfactory Receptors reside?
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
In the nasal cavities
4 paranasal sinuses:
1) frontal 2) maxillary 3) sphenoid 4) ethmoidal
What is SINUSITIS? and why do they develop?
Mucosa that lines the sinuses is continuous w/ the mucosa that lines the nose, sinus infections often develop from colds in which the nasal mucosa is inflamed.
What are the 3 main parts of the Pharynx?
And other important structures?
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
- Nasal conchae (in nose)
- Eustachian (auditory tube)
- Hard/Soft palate
- Uvula
- Tonsils:
- Pharyngeal (adenoid)
- Palatine
- Lingual
Larynx is composed of which notable structures?
1) Thyroid cartilage (1)
2) Cricoid cartilage (1)
3) epiglottis (1)
4) Arytenoid cartilage (2)
5) Corniculate cartilage (2)
6) Cuneiform cartilage (2)
Where are the vocal cords located?
Within the larynx
Why are the arytenoid cartilages important?
Influences the postion and tension of the vocal cords
What distinguishable feature is the trachea mainly composed of ?
- Tracheal rings, composed mainly of rigid cartilaginous rings (tracheal rings)
- Some smooth muscle exists, but rigidity limits the ability for changing diameter.
What makes up the respiratory system?
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Where does gas exchange occur?
Gas exchange occurs at the alveolar capillary barrier.
Describe the lobes of the lungs
Right side has 3 lobes
Left side has 2 lobes
What is a pneumothorax?
The presence OF AIR in the INTRAPLEURAL SPACE on one side of the chest……. which leads to COLLAPSE
What are the 3 layers of the Lung Pleurae?
1) Parietal Pleura (outer sac)
2) Visceral Pleura (like a wrap around the lungs)
3) Pleural Fluid (in pleural cavity)
Does the intrapleural space contain fluid? explain
Contains just enough fluid to make both portions of the pleura moist & slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand & deflate w/ each breath
What is the physiological significance of the alveolar-pulmonary capillaries?
Lies with the interface’s THINNESS & small amount of interstitial fluid
What are Type I alveolar cells ? (Type I pneumocyte)
- Thin, flat (SIMPLE SQUAMOUS)
- 90 % alveolar surface area
What are type II alveolar cells (Type II pneumocyte) ?
They synthesize pulmonary surfactant** (which prevents the collapse of the alveoli!!!!)
What are alveolar macrophages (Dust cells)?
Clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms; frequently contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces (particularly in smokers) \
