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Cardiopulmonary > 1A: Gross anatomy & Histology of Heart > Flashcards

1A: Gross anatomy & Histology of Heart Flashcards

0
Q

What is the Apex(bottom) of the heart?

A

formed by tip of left ventricle

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1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A
  • 2/3 of heart’s mass is found to left of midline of sternum
  • Lies behind sternum and between lungs
  • Located in the middle of the thoracic cavity
  • Surround by the pericardial sac
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2
Q

What is the base (top) of the heart?

A

Approximately at the level of the 2nd costal cartilages

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3
Q

Where is the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Consists primarily of the right ventricle

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4
Q

What is the approximates size of the adult heart?

A
  • About the size of a fist
  • 9 cm wide
  • 6 cm thick
  • 12 cm long
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5
Q

What are the chambers the heart is divided into?

A

2 upper chambers: Right/Left Atria

2 lower chambers: Right/Left Ventricles

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6
Q

What is the function of the right and left ventricles?

A

Right ventricle = moves venous blood to the pulmonary circulation

Left ventricle= moves arterial blood to the systemic circulation

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7
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

It separates right and left atria

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8
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A
  • Depression in the interatrial septum

- Remnants of foramen ovale

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9
Q

What is the patent foramen ovale ?

A

Failure of the foramen ovale to close with time in normal infants

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10
Q

What is the atrial septal defect?

A

The term used to describe an interatrial septum that fails to develop properly

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11
Q

Describe the atria

A
  • A think-walled chamber that receives blood

- Located at the bast (top) of the heart

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12
Q

Describe the ventricles

A
  • located at the apex (bottom) of the heart

- They pump blood to lungs and systemic cirulation

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13
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

Separates right and left ventricles

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14
Q

What is the ventricular septal defects?

A
  • The most common CONGENITAL cardia abnormalities

- found in 30-60% of all newborns w/ a congenital heart defect or about 2-6 per 1000 births

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15
Q

How else can Ventricular septal defects (VSD) occur?

A

It can also be ACQUIRED by forming within a few days after a myocardial infarction due to macrophage remodeling of dead heart tissue before scar tissue forms

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16
Q

How is blood pumped?

A

IT must contract forcefully and overcome aortic and pulmonary pressures in order to pump blood

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17
Q

What is the end diastolic volume?>

A

Each ventricle hold about 150 ml when full

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18
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

When each ventricle normally ejects only about half this volume (70-80 ml) with each contraction

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19
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

Tell us how efficiently the heart is working

= SV/EDV x 100

Example: 75/150 X 100 %

20
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

3 tissue layers:

1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium

21
Q

Describe the endocardium?

A
  • Innermost layer

- Lines inner chambers, valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles

22
Q

Describe the myocardium

A
  • Middle layer
  • Thick muscular layer
  • Responsible for pumping action
  • Not capable of regeneration (hyperplasia)
  • Is capable of hypertrophy
23
Q

Describe the cardiac muscle cells (nuclei, cell composition..etc)

A
  • Cylindrical branching cells
  • Single central nucleus
  • intercalated discs
24
Q

Describe the Epicardium

A
  • Also called the visceral pericardium
  • External layer of the heart
  • includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and epicardial fat!
25
Q

Where is epicardial fat located?

A
  • Covers 60-80% of the heart surface and 20% of the heart weight
  • It is present along the distribution of the coronary arteries & over R. Ventricle on anterior surface and at the apex.
26
Q

What is the epicardial fat?

A
  • It provides fatty acids to cardia muscle as a local energy source in times of high demand.
  • Studies have shown a strong link between epicardial fat & abdominal visceral adiposity.

***Evidence supports a role for epicardial fat in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease!!!

27
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

Rough outer layer of the pericardial sac

28
Q

What is the pericardial space (pericardial cavity) ?

A

-Exists between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers

  • Contains 10 ml of fluid
  • Fluid acts a lubricant preventing friction as the heart beats
29
Q

What are the major heart valves ?

A

2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves

2 Semilunar valves

30
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

1) Ensure blood flow in one direction thru heart chambers

2) Prevent back flow (regurgitation) of blood

31
Q

What does the AV valve do?

A

separates atria from ventricles

32
Q

Describe the Tricuspid Valve

A
  • Lies between right atrium and right ventricle
  • consists of 3 separate leaflets
  • LARGER in diameter and THINNER than mitral valve
33
Q

Describe the Mitral Valve

A
  • Has only 2 cusps

- Lies between left atrium and left ventricle

34
Q

What are the cusps of the AV valves attached to?

A

chordae tendineae (heart strings)

35
Q

Where does chordae tendineae originate from?

A

The papillary muscles

36
Q

What is the function of chordae tenineae ?

A

Serve as anchor–> in the closed position, if they were not anchored, they would be blown upward into the atria (umbrella in the wind)

37
Q

Explain how the papillary muscles contract when the ventricular walls contract

A

They pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles to prevent bulging too far backward toward the atria during ventricular contraction.

38
Q

Describe the semilunar valves

A
  • Have three cusps shaped like half-moons
  • Pulmonary valve has right, anterior, and left cusps
  • Aortic valve has right, left, and posterior cusps
39
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular diastole.

40
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves

A

1) pulmonic valve

2) aortic valve

41
Q

What is the first heart sound associated with?

A
  • With the closure of tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves

- Often refereed to as “lub” in “lub-dup”

42
Q

What is the second heart sound associated with?

A
  • With the closure of the pulmonic and aortic (Semilunar) valves
  • The “Dup” in the “lub-dup”
43
Q

Where does the R. Atrium receive blood from?

A

1) Superior vena cava
2) Inferior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus
- tricuspid valve
- R. ventricle
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Lungs (pulmonary capillaries)
- Pulmonary veins
- L. Atrium
- Mitral valve
- L. ventricle
- Aortic valve
- Aorta
- Systemic circulation

44
Q

Deoxygenated blood entering the heart through veins from the tissues of the body first enters the heart through ______________ before being pumped into the R. ventricle

A

Right atrium

45
Q

What is the function of the R. atrium?

A
  • Functions as the recieving chambers for blood ENTERING the heart.
  • Also actively pumps blood INTO the R. VENTRICLE
46
Q

What is the R. auricle do?

A

It is hollow and extends outward from the anterior surface to increase the internal volume of the right atrium .

47
Q

What is the pathway of blood to the lungs ?

A

1) Blood enters the R. atrium from the superior & inferior vena cava & coronary sinus
2) From the R. atrium it goes thru the tricuspid valve to the R. ventricle
3) From the R. ventricle it goes thru the pulmonary semilunar valves to the pulmonary trunk
4) From the trunk it moves into the Right & Left Pulmonary arteries to the Lungs

48
Q

What is the pathway of blood from the lungs to the systemic cirulation (aorta)

A

1) From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart thru the pulmonary veins
2) From the pulmonary veins, blood flows in the L. Atrium
3) From the L. atrium blood flows thru the bicuspid (Mitral) valve into the L. Ventricle
4) From the L. Ventricle it goes thru the aortic semilunar valves into the ascending aorta
5) Blood is distributed to the rest of the body (Systemic circulation) form the aorta

Cardiopulmonary (19 decks)

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