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KCUMB Anatomy II > EXAM II > Flashcards

EXAM II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the posterior abdominal wall and list their functions

A
  1. Psoas major - Flexes thigh at hip, unilaterally side-bends trunk to the same side (via lumbar plexus)
  2. Psoas minor - Assists in extension and flexion of the trunk, unilaterally side-bends trunk to the same side (via lumbar plexus)
  3. Quadratus lumborum - Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, flexes rib 12 during inspiration
  4. Iliacus - Flexes thigh at hip. Flexes pelvis on thigh with the lower limb fixed (femoral n.)
  5. Transversus abdominis
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2
Q

Which posterior abdominal wall is the most lateral muscle?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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3
Q

Which rib does the diaphragm extend up towards?

A

5th rib

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the diaphragm? (3)

A

Xiphisternal joint

Costal margin

Body of TV12

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5
Q

The respiratory diaphragm contains a central tendon. What are the 3 peripheral origins that insert on the central tendon?

A
  1. Sternal origin
  2. Costal origin
  3. Lumbar origin
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6
Q

Where does the left and right crus of the diaphragm meet at?

A

The aortic hiatus

Right crus is longer than the left crus

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7
Q

What are the 3 arcuate ligaments/lumbocostal arches that are formed by the posterior origins of the diaphragm in the inferior diaphragm? (the arcuate ligaments go over the posterior wall structures)

A
  1. Median (exactly in middle)
  2. Medial (both sides of median)
  3. Lateral (outermost)
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8
Q

What structure(s) doe the median arcuate ligament cover?

A

Aorta

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9
Q

What structure(s) does the medial arcuate ligament cover?

A

Psoas major muscle

Sympathetic trunks

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10
Q

What structure(s) does the lateral arcuate ligament cover?

A

Quadratus lumborum muscle

Subcostal nerve, artery, and vein

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11
Q

At what location on the posterior abdominal wall is a potential site for hernias? What is it located?

A

Vertebrocostal/lumbocostal triangle

Lateral to the lateral arcuate ligament/quadratus lumborum

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12
Q

List the 3 hiatuses that go through the diaphragm and what passes through them

A

I Ate(T8) Ten(eggs; T10) At(Noon; T12)

  1. (inferior) Vena Caval foramen; T8 - IVC, terminal branches of right phrenic nerve, lymphatics from liver
  2. Esophageal hiatus; T10 - esophagus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks, lymphatics
  3. Aortic Hiatus; T12 - aorta and thoracic duct

Sternocostal hiatus - superior epigastric vessels

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13
Q

What are the vessels of the superior (3) and inferior surface (2) of the diaphragm?

A

Superior - (PMS) pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic, superior phrenic artery

Inferior - inferior phrenic artery and vein via celiac trunk or aorta (right passes posterior to IVC, left passes posterior to esophagus, posterior branches give off superior suprarenal artery)

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14
Q

State the motor and sensory nerve(s) that supply the diaphragm

A

Motor - phrenic n. (C3,4,5) run with the inferior phrenic artery

Sensory (2) - phrenic n. (sensory from central tendon) and intercostal n. (via peripheral part)

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15
Q

The term “retroperitoneal” may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located:

a) Between the visceral and partial layers of the peritoneum
b) Posterior to the parietal peritoneum
c) In the peritoneal cavity
d) Between folds of the parietal peritoneum

A

Posterior to the parietal peritoneum

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16
Q

What part of the vertebrae constitutes where the aorta bifurcates?

A

L4

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17
Q

List the components of the renal system

A 
Kidneys (left kidney sits far left over abdominal aorta)
Suprarenal glands
Ureter
Urethra
Urinary bladder
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18
Q

What is the anatomical relationship of the kidney and muscles of the posterior ab wall?

A

Sits anterior to quadratus lumborum

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19
Q

What is the pathway of urine drainage?

A

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter

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20
Q

Name the potential space that is apart of the endopelvic fascia

A

Retrorectal space

Between sacrum and rectum

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21
Q

Which septum of the rectal region separates the rectum from the prostate and the seminal vesicles in males?

A

Rectovesical septum (urorectal)

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22
Q

Describe ischioanal abcesses

A

Infections from within the anal canal, pelvic infection, etc. that can spread into the ischioanal fossae and spread through the superficial and deep postanal spaces to the other side

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23
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the ureters

A

Retroperitoneal

Crosses the pelvic brim where the common iliacs bifurcate

Enters bladder wall obliquely

24
Q

Describe the “water under the bridge” phenomenon in terms of the ureter going to the bladder

A

Where the ureter crosses inferiorly to the uterine artery to enter the bladder

25
Q

Describe the relationship of the ureter in the male

A

Ureter crosses inferior to the ductus deferens to enter to bladder (another aspect of water under the bridge)

26
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the urinary bladder

A

Located within the retropubic space

Inferior to the peritoneum

Posterior to the pubic symphysis

Trigone = internal smooth thickened area defined by openings of the two ureters and the urethra

27
Q

Describe the anatomical relationship of the ovarian arteries (where do they arise from)

A

From the aorta, cross anterior to the ureter and go over the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

Run in the suspensory ligament

28
Q

Internal vs. External hemorrhoids

A

Internal - internal rectal veins that prolapse into the anal canal and often strangulate

External - clotted blood in the external rectal veins. Usually caused by increased abdominal pressure or straining

29
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the vagina

A

Muscular tube between the bladder and rectum, inferior to the uterus

Opens through the perineal membrane into the vestibule

30
Q

Which muscle supports the vagina? Membrane?

A

Pubovaginalis part of the lavator ani muscle and perineal membrane

Both are important in preventing prolapse of pelvic structures

31
Q

Explain the anatomical location of the female urethra. Where does it begin? What does it pass through?

A

Begins at the internal urethral orifice of the bladder

Passes through the external urethral sphincter, perineal membrane, then through the perineum and vestibule

Females have no true internal urethra sphinctor

32
Q

In the female, which artery does the ureter pass inferior to?

A

Inferior to the uterine artery along the lateral sides of the uterus

33
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the uterus

A

The fundus is normally ante erred and anteflexed

The axis of the uterus is angled Anteriorly relative to the vagina and the top of the fundus flexes Anteriorly over the bladder

34
Q

Explain the anatomical location of the ovaries, where are they located? What suspends them?

A

Near the attachment of the broad ligament to the lateral pelvic wall

Suspended from the lateral pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament of the ovary, containing ovarian arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics

35
Q

Describe the three forms of peripheral nerve blocks; what is the landmark?

A

Sacralspinous ligament

Performed to block uterine contraction sensations

  1. Pudendal block = blocks S2-S4 dermatomes & inferior part of vagina
  2. Ilioinguinal block = blocks anterior vulva
  3. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve/perineal branches
36
Q

Function of the bulbourethral glands, where is it located?

A

Lubricates the urethra

Superior to perineal membrane embedded within sphincter urethrae (external urethral sphincter)

Opens into spongy urethra

37
Q

List the two non diaphragmatic pelvic muscles

A
  1. Obturator internus

2. Piriformis

38
Q

What 3 muscles make up the lavator ani muscle?

A

PIP

Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus

Puborectalis - forms loop around anus

39
Q

Which of the following cranial bones is not paired?

Palatine
Sphenoid
Parietal
Maxilla

A

Sphenoid

40
Q

Which cranial foramen permits passage of the Mandibular nerve (V3)?

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen rotundum
Jugular Foramen

A

Foramen ovale

41
Q

Which of the following nerves is in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

Optic CN II
Mandibular V3
Trochlear CN IV
Facial CN VII

A

Trochlear CN IV

42
Q

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by:

Ependymal cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Arachnoid granulations
Choroid plexus
A

Arachnoid granulations

43
Q

What is the main function of the cranial meninges?

A

To enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain and circulate CSF

44
Q

Where do the cranial dural septa arise from? List the four dura septa

A

Arise from the meningeal layer of the dura mater that extends as flat partitions/septa deep into the cranial cavity which house venous sinuses

  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Falx cerebelli
  3. Tentorium cerebelli
  4. Diaphragma sellae
45
Q

Define what a brain ventricle is

A

Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen/opening of the embryonic neural tube

Continuous with one another and the central canal of the spinal cord

46
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the cerebrum

Separated by a thin medial partition = septum pellucidum

47
Q

Where is the third ventricle and fourth ventricle located?

A

3rd ventricle = diencephalon; communicates with the lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen

4th ventricle = pons and cerebellum

CSF flow = from 3rd ventricle thru mesencephalic aquaduct into 4th ventricle

CSF flows thru subarachnoid space & removes waste products. Excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi —> dural venous sinuses. Pressure allows CSF to be released into blood without permitting any venous blood to enter subarachnoid space. The greater pressure in CSF in subarachnoid space assures CSF movement into venous sinuses

48
Q

What 3 distinct locations in the CNS is the blood-brain barrier markedly reduced?

A

CHP

Choroid plexus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland

49
Q

The portion of the adult brain including the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

a. Telencephalon
b. Diencephalon
c. Myelencephalon
d. Metencephalon
e. Mesencephalon

A

Diencephalon

50
Q

Clusters of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies that lie within masses of white matter is/are the:

a. cortex
b. cerebral ganglia
c. cerebral nuclei
d. cerebral peduncles
e. ventricles

A

Cerebral nuclei

51
Q

List the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Mature Men Love T; CN V3 (mandibular)

Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Temporalis

52
Q

Differentiate between buccal nerve and buccal branch

Differentiate between mandibular branch and mandibular nerve

A

Buccal n. = via Trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
Buccal branch = via Facial nerve (CN VII)

Mandibular n. = via Trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
Mandibular branch = via Facial nerve (CN VII)

53
Q

What are the two arterial branches via the internal carotid? What do they supply?

A
  1. Supraorbital
  2. Supratrochlear

Both supply the skin and muscles of forehead and anterior scalp

54
Q

What is the anatomical location of the parotid gland, where does it receive sensory innervation from? Parasympathetic innervation?

A

Laterally in the face, just anterior to the ear

Sensory innervation = great auricular nerve via spinal sensory innervation

Parasympathetic = glossopharyngeal via posterior auricular nerve via facial n. (CN VII)

55
Q

What artery supplies the orbit and eyeball? Venous drainage?

A

Ophthalmic artery via internal carotid artery

Drainage via superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

KCUMB Anatomy II (5 decks)

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