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Livestock Entomology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What country was able to eliminate river blindness?

A

Colombia

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2
Q

Top 2 important factors that make mosquitoes good disease vectors.

A
  1. Taking a blood meal - a major way to acquire a pathogen
  2. The vector has to live long enough to pass it to another susceptible host. This can be a week or more if the pathogen develops or multiplies in the vector.
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3
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

Carry physically on body or by interrupted feeding - no development
Transfer via legs, etc.

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4
Q

Biological transmission

A

Cyclodevelopmental - develops
Propagative - pathogen multiples
Cyclopropagative - develops and multiplies

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5
Q

Pathogens can get into the new host.

A

Penetrate vector gut wall, move to salivary glands

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6
Q

What are 7 characteristics of a good vector?

A
  1. Can acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens
  2. Provides suitable internal environment
  3. Lives for some min. time
  4. Feeding pattern matches pathogen host range
  5. Feeds often for extended periods
  6. Ingest large amounts of blood
  7. Be able to disperse
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7
Q

Diptera represents

A

Two wings = “true flies”

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8
Q

Diptera adults have:

A

1 pair of wings

Variable mouthparts? None, piercing/sucking, slashing, sponging

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9
Q

Many ways to think about flies (3)

A
  1. Classification: 3 main taxonomic groups
  2. How they feed: piercing-sucking, sponging
  3. Where they breed: water, mud, manure
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10
Q

Diptera larvae

A

No legs, with/without distinct head
Soft, thin cuticle
Aquatic, semi-aquatic, moist habitats, in tissues

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11
Q

Female mosquitoes/gnats are ______. Males are _____.

A

Blood feeder; nectar feeders

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12
Q

Primitive mosquitoes and gnats have…

A

Long antennae: 8 segments

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13
Q

Host-finding: Long range

A

Host-specific odors

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14
Q

Host-finding: Medium range

A

Host odors + CO2

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15
Q

Host-finding: Close/Final decision

A
  • Warmth - convection currents, vision / movement (Day biters)
  • Specific attraction to host
  • Olfactory (smell) receptors on antennae
  • Noranal - volatile skin chemical given off from birds and humans aids in long range detection (+ CO2)
    Lactic acid, CO2, ammonia, fatty acids
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16
Q

House mosquito shifts feeding preference from _____ to _____ in late _____ / early _____ – at time of robin dispersal/migration

A

birds to humans

summer; fall

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17
Q

3 Factors in host attractiveness

A
  1. Body odors – skin bacteria
  2. Dark colors : Pregnancy – 1 degree warmer, exhale 20% more CO2
  3. Blood type – O 2x > A
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18
Q

A person who eats human flesh

A

Anthropophagic

19
Q

An organism that consumes animal matter

A

Zoophagic

20
Q

An organism that consumes birds

A

Ornithophagic

21
Q

Mosquito bites -

A

Stylets protected by sheath, Enter capillary

22
Q

There are _____ proteins in saliva - anti-coagulants, vasodilators, numbing agents, suppress anti-viral response.
Stimulate _____

A

> 10

Stimulate antibody response

23
Q

How to think about > 50 mosquito species in KY:

A

1) Oviposition sites / Larval habitats
2) Overwintering stage
3) Number of generations/year

24
Q

1) Eggs/larvae

A
  • Single, groups, floating “rafts”
  • Desiccation resistant or not
  • In/on: ground depressions, floodwater, natural or artificial containers – buckets, tree holes,
    surface of “dirty” water, etc.
25
Q

2) Overwintering stage
Eggs – resistant to _____, drying
Mated females – in _____
Larvae – _____ - a few in mild climates

A

Cold; shelter; rare

26
Q

A genetically determined state of arrested development that allows arthropods to overwinter in cold climates

A

Diapause

27
Q

Diapause is induced primarily by _____

A

decreasing shorter daylight

28
Q

Diapause has different stages based on _____

A

species

29
Q

Diapause: _____ in blood or freezing in spaces between cells

A

Antifreeze

30
Q

3) Generations / year
One - _____ peak or extended emergence – _____;
2+ – _____

A

spring; univoltine; bivoltine or multivoltine

31
Q

Generations can change with season – For example…

A

Warmer season, extra generation

32
Q

2 main reasons for variation in mosquito populations

A

Rainfall and temperature

33
Q

3 reasons why mosquitoes are a problem

A
  1. Nuisance/ annoyance
  2. Blood loss – can lead to anemia
  3. Vector human/animal diseases – zoonosis encephalitis
34
Q

Example mosquito species:

  1. Inland floodwater mosquito _____
  2. House mosquito _____
  3. Asian tiger mosquito _____
A

Aedes vexans; Culex pipiens complex; Aedes albopictus

35
Q

Inland floodwater mosquitoes are a serious nuisance species. 4 reasons why:

A
  1. Night biter
  2. Rests on vegetation during day
  3. Not an important disease vector
  4. Can fly 10+ miles to feed
36
Q 
1) Inland floodwater mosquito		
• Winter - eggs in \_\_\_\_\_ in low areas
• Hatch when covered w/ \_\_\_\_\_		
• Unshaded rain pools
• Problem during rainy spring /early summer		
• Multivoltine
A

soil cracks; w/water and O2 drop;

37
Q

2) House mosquito complex “dirty” water mosquitoes
Northern and southern house mosquito and hybrids – they can _____
• Live in urban and rural areas
• Feed on _____
• NHM have a stronger _____ preference
• Females winter in _____ sites - culverts and caves

A

interbreed; birds & mammals; NHM - bird; females - protected

38
Q

House mosquito Culex pipiens complex

  • Can return to larval breeding site to oviposit BUT can travel _____ to feed
  • Commonly enters structures
  • Prefers _____, will feed on mammals: humans, raccoons, horses
  • Can carry (competent vector for) _____ viruses
A

1,500 yards/night; birds (robins, house sparrows); Encephalitis, Dog heartworm

39
Q

4 Factors that affect mosquitoes as disease vectors

A

1) Abundance –enough numbers to encounter infected host
2) Longevity – live long enough after feeding for pathogen to reach salivary glands
3) Competent – able to carry enough pathogen to be infective, don’t become sick themselves
4) Strong host selection behavior – reliable, contact with susceptible hosts

40
Q

Infectious disease transmitted between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals to humans

A

Zoonosis

41
Q

About _____% of human-emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens

A

75%

42
Q 
Encephalitis virus
• Symptoms 
• Also called: Eastern equine, St Louis, Venezuelan, West Nile
• Bird – mosquito cycle 		
• Spillover into \_\_\_\_\_
A

Inflammation or swelling of the brain affects CNS

Spillover from birds to humans, livestock

43
Q

First case in US: West Nile Virus

A

1999 NY
Transovarian transmisson in mosquitoes
Mosquitoes live 2 to 3 weeks; feed 3x to 4x

44
Q

Incubation period in mosquitoes = _____ gut to salivary glands
Birds amplifying host - infective _____
Incubation period in horses _____ – ___% recovery

A

7-10 days; 5 days; 7-14 days with 65% recovery

Livestock Entomology (4 decks)

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