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Livestock Entomology > Acarina - Ticks > Flashcards

Acarina - Ticks Flashcards

1
Q

Give the kingdom, phylum, class, order and family of ticks

A 
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida	
Acarina – ticks and mites
Argasidae (soft ticks) & Ixodidae (hard ticks)
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2
Q

4 facts about soft ticks that differ from hard ticks

A

1) No plate on back
2) Indistinguishable life stages
3) Multiple nymphal stages
3) Usually nest or burrows
4) Many short feedings

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3
Q

4 facts about hard ticks that differ from soft ticks

A

1) Hard plate (scutum) on back
2) 3 distinct life stages – egg, larva, nymph
3) Mostly not nests or burrows
4) Few long feedings

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4
Q

What type of metamorphosis do ticks go through? What are the stages?
How long is it off of a host (%)?

A 
Gradual metamorphosis
egg
6-legged larva
8 legged nymph
adult  
>95% off of host
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5
Q

Ticks have high _____ which offsets low _____.

A

1) High fecundity offsets low survival
2) Thousands of eggs/ female
3) Very few survive to adult

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6
Q

How do ticks survive? (5)

A

1) Endure long periods off the host with limited energy & water and ability to move
2) Find shelter from direct sun – dead grass and leaves, soil cracks
3) Absorb water from air (mouthparts)
4) Find host and mate
5) Need proper temperature – rainfall - protection

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7
Q

Where can you find ticks?

A

Overgrown areas
Tall grass
Near where they drop off of host

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8
Q

How do questing ticks find hosts? (6)

A

1) CO2
2) Vibration
3) Body heat
4) Host-produced substances – sweat and skin lipids – host specificity
5) Vision
6) Sensory disc on palp

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9
Q

How do ticks attach? (3)

How long do they need to be attached for disease to transfer?

A

1) They usually wander before settling
2) Cut skin and anchor with “cement”
3) Saliva prevents blood clots, dilates capillaries
* 24 h – 36 h attachment for disease transfer

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10
Q

When do ticks detach and drop? (3)

A

1) Engorged ticks should drop in optimum habitats
2) Associated with host behavior
3) Usually when hosts are inactive – after nightfall or during day for nocturnally active hosts

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11
Q

6 ways that ticks impact their hosts?

A

1) Parasites – blood feeders
2) Cause stress to host – irritation, anemia
3) Allergic reactions to injected substances
4) Feeding wounds - maggot attack, secondary infections
5) Transfer pathogens (vectors) 2nd to mosquitoes
6) Tick paralysis

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12
Q

What are the 4 common KY ticks?

A

1) Black legged tick – limited distribution in KY
2) Widespread - American Dog tick & Lone Star tick
3) Brown dog tick - rare; limited to sheltered areas, kennels

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13
Q

1 host tick is also the _____ tick.

Describe when larva –> adult feed

A

Winter
Larva - Feed in Nov, molt
Nymph - Dormant 2 months, feed in Jan and molt
Adult - Feeds Feb - Mar, when host is most stressed.

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14
Q

What are typical hosts of 1-host ticks?

A

Hooved animals: elk, deer, horses, moose

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15
Q

Where do 1-host ticks quest? When?

A

Quest on vegetation at chest height (mid-Sept to early Oct)

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of a 1-host tick host?

A

Blood loss, hair loss from scratching, less feeding

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17
Q

Name three 3-host ticks

A

1) American dog tick
2) Lone star tick
3) Blacklegged tick

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18
Q

American dog tick larvae only feed on _____.

A

Small mammals

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19
Q

Lone star tick larvae feed on _____.

A

All size hosts

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20
Q

Blacklegged tick larvae feed on _____ - differences in _____ incidence.

A

All size hosts

Lyme disease incidence

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21
Q

Blacklegged tick - genus and species. Where are they found?

A

Ixodes scapularis

Eastern & south, & north central US

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22
Q

Larvae & Nymphs of blacklegged ticks feed on mostly small mammals in north, *_____ in south

A

Skinks

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23
Q

BLT main host is _____.

A

Main host is white-tailed deer

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24
Q

Brown dog tick - genus and species – can become established _____.

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Indoors

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25
Q

What does zoonosis mean?

A

Disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.

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26
Q

What does enzootic mean?

A

Disease that regularly affects animals in a particular district or at a particular season.

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27
Q

What does epizootic mean?

A

Disease that is temporarily prevalent and widespread in an animal population.

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28
Q

Arthropod-borne diseases:
Vector transmits pathogens and parasites from one infected _____ to another.
Not all species are _____
Not all competent individuals are _____ (_____%)

A

Person/host
Competent
Infected (1%)

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29
Q

Name 3 important vector groups

A

1) Mosquitoes & flies
2) Ticks
3) Fleas

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30
Q

Two types of transmission

A

Mechanical and biological

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31
Q

Describe mechanical transmission

A

Carry physically on body OR interrupted feeding – no development
Like a machine/vectors are not infected, they merely pass on the pathogen (carriers)

32
Q

Describe biological transmission

A

Vector will develop pathogen

Ex: Dog heartworm in mosquito

33
Q

Adaptations of host, vector, & pathogen (4)

A

1) Vector feeds on “right” host
2) Feeds at time to pick up pathogen
3) Feeds in a way to pick up the pathogen
4) Pathogen can get into new host – penetrate vector gut wall, move to salivary glands, etc.

34
Q

Competent vectors: no perfect vectors – have some combination of characteristics (8)

A

1) Acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens
2) Provide suitable internal environment
3) Live for some minimum time
4) Feeding pattern matches pathogen host range
5) Feed often for extended periods
6) Ingest large amounts of blood
7) Be able to disperse
8) Primary vs secondary vectors

35
Q

5 factors involved in incriminating a vector (IDing a vector - used by scientists, doctors, etc.)

A

1) It must be competent
2) Geographic pattern must match the disease
3) Must be abundant
4) Must feed on reservoir and host
5) Must live for some time

36
Q

Infected vectors usually about _____% of population

A

1%

37
Q

Texas cattle fever is also called _____

A

“Redwater” fever

38
Q

Redwater fever:

_____ cattle affected after _____ cattle passed through.

A

Northern affected after Southern passed

Within about 10 miles of drive trail

39
Q

4 symptoms of redwater fever. % dead in a week?

A

1) Red urine (hemoglobin)
2) High fever
3) Loss of appetite
4) Respiratory distress
95% dead in a week

40
Q

Redwater fever’s cause

A

Cause unknown

41
Q

1868 Outbreak- 15,000 _____ cattle died after being mixed with _____ cattle
_____ not necessary. Why?
Cattlemen suspected ticks, toxic plants, other ideas

A

Illinois died after mix with Texas

Direct contact was not necessary; northern cattle on pasture used by southern cattle got sick

42
Q

Solution 1 for Redwater fever

A

1) Move southern cattle north only during fall or winter OR 2) Winter cattle on isolated pasture– finish in spring
No Texas fever outbreaks in northern cattle

43
Q

Problems with solution 1

A

1) Shortage of winter pasture
2) Need winter base and cowboys
3) Southern cattle had high winter losses
4) Rustlers
5) Reduced profits $

44
Q

Solution 2 for Redwater fever

A

Established a cattle trail that was 20mi wide in order to split the northern and southern cattle.

Loss of land and water, $$, labor, etc.

45
Q

Main source of lyme disease pathogen =

A

White footed mice

46
Q

In cyclodevelopmental biological transmission, the pathogen…

A

Develops in vector

47
Q

In propagative biological transmission, the pathogen…

A

Multiplies

48
Q

In cyclopropagative biological transmission…

A

Both develop and multiply

49
Q

Solution 3 to Redwater Fever

A

Kansas closed their cattle trail - caused violence

50
Q

1880’s Koch and Pasteur identified

A

germ theory

51
Q

4 criteria to identify causative agent of a disease (Koch’s Postulates)

A
  1. ) Isolate diseased cow
  2. ) Remove suspected pathogen from cow and place in pure culture
  3. ) Allow to grow and introduce it to uninfected, unexposed cow.
  4. ) Compare results
52
Q

1893 - Smith isolated protozoa from cattle blood that _____

A

Destroyed RBCs - found in blood of all infected cattle

53
Q

3 steps on how they determined how disease was transferring

A
  1. ) Remove ticks from southern cattle and then mix southern and northern cattle - all healthy
  2. ) Scatter ticks from southern cattle and add northern cattle - northern got sick and died
  3. ) Hatch ticks from eggs in lab - place on northern cattle - they died
54
Q

Type of transmission from eggs

A

Transovarial transmission

Offspring of infected ticks could transmit the disease without feeding on infected cattle

55
Q

Texas Cattle Fever Babesia lifecycle - type of disease and the hosts

A

Malaria-like parasitic disease

Hosts - ticks and cattle

56
Q

Babesia develops in…

A

Cattle blood cells and destroys them (asexual production)

57
Q

Sexual production in tick ovaries

A

Babesia to egg and salivary glands (sexual reproduction)

58
Q

Babesia pathogen and Boophilus ticks on cattle and horses brought by _____

A

Spaniard colonists

59
Q

Boophilus is a _____ tick

A

1-host

60
Q

Boophilus has a _____ long feeding stage - larva to adult, mating, final meal off host - females lay eggs _____ to hatch. This has an impact on ?

A

18-20 day long
30-270 day to hatch
Impact on controlling with chemicals

61
Q

Method of tick control

A

Dip cattle in oil, later arsenic (Arsenic kills cattle, small animals, plants). Use a [ ] strong enough to kill ticks only
Oil blocks breathing tube

62
Q

7 tick control practices

A

1) Brush management
2) Self-treatment devices for deer
3) Neck band applicator
4) Wildlife management plan
5) Prescribed burning - once every 3 years
6) Resistance - select for ticks that can survive chemical
7) Cattle dip - acaracide every 14 days - dip before feeding complete

63
Q

6 potential reasons for TCF resurgence 2007-2008

A

1) Reduced funding - fewer tick riders
2) Less dipping - more pasture “resting”
3) Cancelled products - acaracide-resistant ticks
4) Increased populations of secondary hosts white-tailed deer, nigal antelope
5) Increased rain and milder winters > tick survival
6) Reduced tick management in Mexico

64
Q

LST nuisance. 4 reasons

A

1) Tick bite allergies - reactions to saliva, vasodilators, anticoagulants, other proteins
2) Often localized inflammation
3) Lasts 10 days or more
4) Sensitizes some people

65
Q

Primary vector of erlichiosis

A

Lone star tick

66
Q

Several bacterial diseases that affect humans and animals describes what?

A

Erlichiosis

67
Q

Symptoms of erlichiosis

A

Headache, fever, muscle aches within 1-2 weeks of bite

68
Q

Two viruses of erlichiosis

A

Heartland and Bourbon viruses

69
Q

Suspected cause of ticks and red meat allergy

A

Antibodies to sugar produced in person’s blood after multiple LST bites

70
Q

Ticks and red meat allergy - how long is delay in rxn and when does it subside

A

3-5 hr delay in reaction - hives

Subsides in 3-5 years

71
Q

Which tick is a vector of lyme disease?

A

BLT

72
Q

What animal is main disperser of BLTs?

A

Deer

73
Q

Nesting treatments for BLTs

A

Pesticide-treated cotton balls –> Nesting material –> Ticks on mice are killed

74
Q

3 ways of managing ticks

A

1) Clearing brush - habitat management
2) Reduce immigration - ticks have limited movement but hosts can carry them long distances
3) Acaricide applications - usually not practical

75
Q

Why do winter tick larvae occur in such large groups?

A

Larvae hatch from masses laid on the ground that can contain up to 3,000 eggs. They do not disperse far but climb nearby vegetation to wait for passing hosts.

76
Q

How is global warming affecting the winter tick population?

A

When females drop to ground they lay their eggs. The rate at which this occurs depends on temperature.

If the females fall onto snow, survival (to the point where they lay eggs) is poor. If they fall onto bare forest floor, many more survive.

Livestock Entomology (4 decks)

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