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Clinical Chemistry (Exams I,II,III) > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?

Septic, Inflammatory, crystal induced, hemorrhagic

A

septic

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2
Q

A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.

Diabetic ketoacidosis, brain tumor, head trauma, blood/brain compromisation

A

Brain tumor

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3
Q

Which is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?

Glucose, Uric acid, Protein, Lactate

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

True or False: Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis.

A

False

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5
Q

Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?

Pulmonary abscess, Lymphoma, Bacterial pneumonia, Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

True or False: The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer.

A

True

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7
Q

Match the term with the definition

-Glycogenolysis
-Glycogenesis
-Gluconeogenesis
-Glycolysis

-Metabolism of glucose molecules to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
-Formation of glucose of 6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Glycogenesis: Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Gluconeogenesis: Formation of glucose of 6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

Glycolysis: Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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8
Q

Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured.

pH, HCO3, pO2, pCO2

A

HCO3

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9
Q

The best collection tube to use for glucose tolerance testing is:

A

Grey top/ NaF

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10
Q

What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?

A

21%

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11
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3= 33 (22-29)

A

Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

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12
Q

In external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is __________, while the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is _________.

A

100 mmHg, 40 mmHg

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13
Q

Image C shows three tubes that are xcanthocytic and image D shows three tubes with gradual amount of red color decreasing.

The following illustration of spinal fluid is representative of two distinct circumstances. Identify the proper circumstances leading to the appearance of both example C and example D.

A

C. Previous cerebrovascular hemorrhage

D. Traumatic tap

Differentiate bacterial infection, normal spinal fluid

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14
Q

A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

A

respiratory alkalosis

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15
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3= 25 (22-29)

A

respiratory acidosis no compensation

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16
Q

A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:

97, 140, 212, 298 mg/dL

A

298 mg/dL

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17
Q

A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a:

-Normal fasting glucose
-Impaired fasting glucose
-Preliminary diabetes diagnosis

A

Impaired fasting glucose

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18
Q

This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion.

-Type 1a
-Type 1b
-Type 2
-Gestational

A

Type 2

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19
Q

An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

A

respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:

A

Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology

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21
Q

Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?

-Insulin
-Glucagon
-Glycogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

22
Q

Match the type of pancreatic cell with what it produces.

-alpha cell
-beta cells
-delta cells

-Insulin
-Glucagon
-Somatostatin

A

alpha cell: Glucagon
beta cells: Insulin
Delta cells: Somatostatin

23
Q

Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.

-Type I diabetes
-Type II diabets
-Gestational diabetes

A

Type I diabetes

24
Q

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every _____.

  • 6 months
  • 2 years
  • 5 years
  • 10 years
A

5 years

25
Q

True or False: Women, on average, have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men.

A

True

26
Q

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway

-Absorption pathway
-Exogenous pathway
-Endogenous pathway
-Reverse cholesterol pathways

A

Reverse cholesterol pathway

27
Q

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48?

-HDL
-Chylomicrons
-LDL
-Lp(a)

A

Chylomicrons

28
Q

True or False: Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups.

A

False

29
Q

Calculate the LDL from the following test results.
Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL
HDL: 65 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

A

100

LDL = Total cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides /5)

30
Q

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport:

-Cholesterol form the peripheral cells
-Cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
-Exogenous triglycerides
-Endogeneous triglycerides

A

Endogenous triglycerides

31
Q

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:

-Total proteins
-Albumin
-Cholesterol
-Chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons

32
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules

-Calcium
-Bicarbonate
-Chloride
-Magnesium

-Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
-Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
-Recovered from glomerular filtrate
-Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Calcium: Reabsorbed under influence of PTH

Bicarbonate: Recovered form glomerular filtrate

Chloride: Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

Magnesium: Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

33
Q

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance.

-Diabetes type 1
-Diabetes insipidus
-Diabetes type 2
-Diabetes - gestational

A

Diabetes insipidus

34
Q

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent?

A

92

35
Q

Match the ions to their charges

-Anions
-Cations

Negative
Positive

A

Anions: Negative
Cations: Positive

36
Q

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation.

-LDL
-VLDL
-HDL
-Triglycerides

A

LDL

37
Q

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider?

-Hypernatremia
-Hyponatremia
-Hyperkalemia
-Hypokalemia

A

Hypernatremia

38
Q

Which of the following is not associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient?

-Renal failure
-Ketoacidosis
-Glycol poisoning
-Instrument error

A

Instrument error

39
Q

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but:

-Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma
-Lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap
-Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane
-Obstruction

A

Decreased dialysis of proteins form the plasma

40
Q

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte?

-Sodium
-Potassium
-Chloride
-Phosphate

A

Chloride

41
Q

Of total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percent?

  • 10
  • 45
  • 60
  • 90
A

45

42
Q

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analytes?

-Bibarbonate
-Chloride
-Potassium
-Sodium

A

Potassium

43
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

-Chlorider
-Potassium
-Sodium
-Bicarbonate

A

Potassium

44
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?

-Potassium
-Chloride
-Sodium
-Bicarb

A

Sodium

45
Q

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data.
Na: 135
K: 4.0
Cl: 94
HCO3: 28

A

17

(NA+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-) = anion gap

46
Q

True or False: Unsaturated triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature.

A

False

47
Q

The cation is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency.

Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium

A

Magnesium

48
Q

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality:
Sodium: 135
Glucose: 96
BUN: 22

A

282

49
Q

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?

  • 40-75%
  • 5-10%
  • 85-95%
  • 20-40%
A

40-75%

50
Q

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids.

-Hydrophobic head group
-Synthesized in all organs
-Amphipathic
-Unsaturated steriod alcohol

A

Unsaturated steroid alcohol

51
Q

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients.

-Chloride
-Calcium
-Sodium
-Zinc

A

Calcium

52
Q
A

Clinical Chemistry (Exams I,II,III) (4 decks)

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