Exam I Flashcards
Match the type of CK isoenzyme with its specificity:
Cardiac
Muscle
Brain
CK-BB, CK-MM, CK-MB
Cardiac: CK-MB
Muscle: CK-MM
Brain: CK-BB
True or False: Amylase is more specific to pancreatitis than lipase
False.
Lipase is more specific to pancreatitis.
This test has greater specificity to liver damage:
Options: AST, ALP, Acid phosphatase, ALT
ALT
ALT stands for alanine transaminase. It is an enzyme found mostly in the liver.
True or False: In many reactions, we are looking at the reaction of the cofactor NADH to NAD to determine the value of the enzyme.
True
This enzyme has a short half-life and is found in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney:
ALT, AST, GGT, CK
AST.
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in high levels in the liver, heart, muscles, and kidney.
True or False: The hook effect refers to high concentrations of analyze producing a lower signal than expected.
True
Example: hCG levels are so high, it can produce a fainter line on a pregnancy test, thus producing a lower signal than expected.
Match the type of inhibitor with the description.
- Non-competitive
- Competitive
- Uncompetitive
-These associate with enzymes at places other than the active site
-These bind only to the ES complex
-These share structural features found in the substrate.
Non-competitive: These associate with the enzyme at places other than the active site.
Competitive: These share structural features found in the substrate.
Uncompetitive: These bind only to the ES complex.
In this state, not all enyzme sites are saturated with substrate and substrate concentration is the rate-limiting step.
-First-order kinetics
-Zero-order kinetics
-Post-zone phenomenon
-Last-order kinetics
First-order kinetics
What is a zymogen?
-The protein portion of an enzyme
-An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
-A cavity other than the active site
-the complete, active enzyme complex
An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics: Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.
True
When measuring enzyme activity, if the instrument is operating at 5C degreee lower than the temperature prescribed for the method, how would the results be affected?
-Lower than expected
-Higher than expected
-Varied, showing no patten in results
-all would be clinically abnormal
Lower than expected
What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?
-Decreased enzyme catabolism
-Accelerated enzyme production
-Tissue damage and necrosis
-Increased glomerular filtration rate
Tissue damage and necrossis.
This is related to serum enzymes can show muscle tissue breakdown in the event of trauma or rhabdomylosis (myoglobin is liberated from injured or damaged skeletal muscle into the urine and blood.
Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.
-Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
-Gout
-Congestive heart failure
-Fanconi Syndrome
Fanconi syndrome.
Falcon syndrome is a defect of proximal tubule leading to malabsorption of various electrolytes and substances that are usually absorbed by the proximal tubules.
Gout happens when irate, a substance in your body, builds up and arms needle-shaped crystals in your joints.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that, with rare female exceptions, most often affects males. It causes brain and behavior problems including severe arthritis, poor muscle control and mental disability.
This test can be used to monitor alcoholics with liver toxicity
AST, ALT, GGT, ALP
GGT
Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?
Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Ammonia
Creatinine
Plasma creatinine levels are determined by all of the following except:
-Releative muscle mass
-Rate of creatine turnover
-Renal function
-Dietary intake of protein
Dietary intake of protein
A 56 year old male with gout is given allopurinol then returns to the ER a week later with a uric acid level of 8.6 mg/dL (2.4-7.0 mg/dL). what statement best describes the reason for the uric acid level?
-The patient overdosed on allopurinol
-Allopurinol returned uric acid levels to normal
-The patient did not take prescribed medication
The patient did not take prescribed medication.
Allopurinol is used to treat gout (a type of arthritis in which uric acid, a naturally occurring substance in the body, builds up in the joints and causes sudden attacks of redness, swelling, pain, and heat in one or more joints. ) Allopurinol is also used to treat high levels of uric acid that builds up in the blood as tumors break down in people with certain types of cancer who are being treated with chemotherapy medications.
What is an energy source utilized by muscles?
Creatinine, Creatine phosphate, myoglobin, nitrogen
Creatine phosphate
This non-protein nitrogen compound is found in the highest concentration in the blood
Ammonia, Uric acid, creatinine, urea nitrogen
Urea nitrogen
Which is not a clinical application of measurement of urea.
-Assess hydration status
-Evaluate liver function
-Verify adequacy of dialysis
-determine nitrogen balance
Evaluate liver function
