Exam II

Question 1

Hypo, hyper, & normothermia temperatures

Answer 1

Normothermia: 36-38
Hyperthermia: >38
Hypothermia: <34-30

Question 2

Stages of hypothermia

Answer 2

Mild: shivering, confusion, lethargy
Moderate: bradycardic, rigid, weak pulses
Severe: looks dead, arrhythmias

Question 3

What causes febrile seizures/how to treat them

Answer 3

Fever in children 6mo-5 years, only go to ER if vomiting or cyanotic > 10 minutes. Give antipyretics

Question 3

Nursing considerations for thermoregulation

Answer 3

Monitor: LOC, electrolytes, ECG, vitals, for rhabdomyolysis (for heat stroke)
-warm core up before peripheries to prevent shock
-risk factors: alcohol, age

Question 4

Heatstroke can lead to cerebral ______. Name treatments.

Answer 4

cerebral edema
-Treatment: rapid cooling, 100% O2 (maybe ventilate), monitor for rhabdomyolysis, cold fluids, ice packs to groin and axilla (armpit)
-Meds: chlorpromazine for intense shivering. Antipyretics won’t work!

Question 5

Frank-Starling Law & preload

Answer 5

Says that contraction strength will increase w/ volume of preload

Question 6

Gestational hypertension vs preeclampsia vs eclampsia in pregnancy

Answer 6

-gestational HTN: high BP
-preeclampsia: high BP and protein in urine
-eclampsia: seizure/coma

Question 7

Labs for cardiac issues

Answer 7

Cardiac enzymes
-troponin (released after heart injury–used to check for heart attack)
-CK-MB (elevated after heart injury)
-BNP (detects HF)

Markers
-Homocysteine (predicts arterial disease)
-CRP (marker of inflammation)

Lipids
-HDL
-LDL
-triglycerides

Question 8

Diagnostic tests for cardiac issues

Answer 8

-ECG–watches electrical activity of heart
-Cardiac stress tests (exercise, pharmacological if mobility issues)
-Chest x ray
-echocardiogram (estimates ejection fraction–amount of blood ejected from ventricles/systole)
-ultrasound, doppler studies
-arteriogram–CT to observe blood flow through arteries

Question 9

Risk factors for hypertension

Answer 9

Age, M sex until 65, race, SES, lifestyle

Question 10

AHA categories of hypertension

Answer 10

Elevated: 120-129
HTN1: S130-139 OR D80-89
HTN2: S140+ OR D90+

Question 11

Complications of hypertension

Answer 11

Cardiac–heart working too hard!
-CAD, PAD
-L ventricular hypertrophy (remodeling)
-HF

Vision–retinopathy

Neuro–stroke, cognitive issues

Renal disease

Question 12

Who would be prescribed the DASH diet?

Answer 12

Someone w/ hypertension, CAD

Question 13

Meds for hypertension

Answer 13

-

Question 14

Which of the following meds are K sparing, which are K wasting:
-hydrochlorothiazide
-spironolactone
-lasix

Answer 14

K wasting: lasix
K sparing: spironolactone

Question 15

Classify the following meds:
-doxasin
-clonodine
-metoprolol
-carvedilol
They carry the risk of ______ __________.

Answer 15

-dine, sin, and -lols:
All are Alpha/beta adrenergic inhibitors for hypertension and carry the risk of rebound hypertension if stopped suddenly .

Question 16

Classify the following meds:
-lisinopril
-valsartan
-losartan
-diltiazem
-amlodipine
Lisinopril has the side effect of ______ _______.

Answer 16

-prils: ACE inhibitors
-sartans: A-II receptor blockers
-pine, diltiazem: Ca channel blockers
All for hypertension.

Question 17

Stable vs unstable angina vs Prinzmetal’s Angina

Answer 17

Stable: occurs w/ exercise
Unstable/Prinzmetal: occurs at rest, can lead to heart attack
Pr

Question 18

What meds would you give to someone w/ high LDLs

Answer 18

-“-statins”
-Niacin (Vitamin B3)
-Bile-acid sequestrants (cholesevelam)
-Ezetimibe
-Ranexa

Question 19

Difference bwtn short, long acting nitrates

Answer 19

short: for acute angina (given SL)
long acting: to reduce angina incidence

Question 20

What drugs would you give for CAD/angina? (remember the pathology)

Answer 20

angina: nitrates
Beta blockers (-lols), Ca channel blockers (-pines), Ranexa (sodium inhibitor), lipid lowering drugs (-statins), ARBs (-sartans)

Question 21

Role of baroreceptors in BP regulation

Answer 21

-In carotid artery, they sense low BP and activate the SNS, increasing contractility, HR, and vasoconstricting

Question 22

Name the 4 parameters of pharmacokinetics (ADME) and how you’d spot them being referenced in an exam question

Answer 22

-absorption (stomach stuff–gastric, pH, etc)
-distribution (fluid/electrolytes, albumin/protein loss –> free drug)
-metabolism (liver)
-excretion (kidney issues)