Exam II Flashcards
Hypo, hyper, & normothermia temperatures
Normothermia: 36-38
Hyperthermia: >38
Hypothermia: <34-30
Stages of hypothermia
Mild: shivering, confusion, lethargy
Moderate: bradycardic, rigid, weak pulses
Severe: looks dead, arrhythmias
What causes febrile seizures/how to treat them
Fever in children 6mo-5 years, only go to ER if vomiting or cyanotic > 10 minutes. Give antipyretics
Nursing considerations for thermoregulation
Monitor: LOC, electrolytes, ECG, vitals, for rhabdomyolysis (for heat stroke)
-warm core up before peripheries to prevent shock
-risk factors: alcohol, age
Heatstroke can lead to cerebral ______. Name treatments.
cerebral edema
-Treatment: rapid cooling, 100% O2 (maybe ventilate), monitor for rhabdomyolysis, cold fluids, ice packs to groin and axilla (armpit)
-Meds: chlorpromazine for intense shivering. Antipyretics won’t work!
Frank-Starling Law & preload
Says that contraction strength will increase w/ volume of preload
Gestational hypertension vs preeclampsia vs eclampsia in pregnancy
-gestational HTN: high BP
-preeclampsia: high BP and protein in urine
-eclampsia: seizure/coma
Labs for cardiac issues
Cardiac enzymes
-troponin (released after heart injury–used to check for heart attack)
-CK-MB (elevated after heart injury)
-BNP (detects HF)
Markers
-Homocysteine (predicts arterial disease)
-CRP (marker of inflammation)
Lipids
-HDL
-LDL
-triglycerides
Diagnostic tests for cardiac issues
-ECG–watches electrical activity of heart
-Cardiac stress tests (exercise, pharmacological if mobility issues)
-Chest x ray
-echocardiogram (estimates ejection fraction–amount of blood ejected from ventricles/systole)
-ultrasound, doppler studies
-arteriogram–CT to observe blood flow through arteries
Risk factors for hypertension
Age, M sex until 65, race, SES, lifestyle
AHA categories of hypertension
Elevated: 120-129
HTN1: S130-139 OR D80-89
HTN2: S140+ OR D90+
Complications of hypertension
Cardiac–heart working too hard!
-CAD, PAD
-L ventricular hypertrophy (remodeling)
-HF
Vision–retinopathy
Neuro–stroke, cognitive issues
Renal disease
Who would be prescribed the DASH diet?
Someone w/ hypertension, CAD
Meds for hypertension
-
Which of the following meds are K sparing, which are K wasting:
-hydrochlorothiazide
-spironolactone
-lasix
K wasting: lasix
K sparing: spironolactone
Classify the following meds:
-doxasin
-clonodine
-metoprolol
-carvedilol
They carry the risk of ______ __________.
-dine, sin, and -lols:
All are Alpha/beta adrenergic inhibitors for hypertension and carry the risk of rebound hypertension if stopped suddenly .
Classify the following meds:
-lisinopril
-valsartan
-losartan
-diltiazem
-amlodipine
Lisinopril has the side effect of ______ _______.
-prils: ACE inhibitors
-sartans: A-II receptor blockers
-pine, diltiazem: Ca channel blockers
All for hypertension.
Stable vs unstable angina vs Prinzmetal’s Angina
Stable: occurs w/ exercise
Unstable/Prinzmetal: occurs at rest, can lead to heart attack
Pr
What meds would you give to someone w/ high LDLs
-“-statins”
-Niacin (Vitamin B3)
-Bile-acid sequestrants (cholesevelam)
-Ezetimibe
-Ranexa
Difference bwtn short, long acting nitrates
short: for acute angina (given SL)
long acting: to reduce angina incidence
What drugs would you give for CAD/angina? (remember the pathology)
angina: nitrates
Beta blockers (-lols), Ca channel blockers (-pines), Ranexa (sodium inhibitor), lipid lowering drugs (-statins), ARBs (-sartans)
Role of baroreceptors in BP regulation
-In carotid artery, they sense low BP and activate the SNS, increasing contractility, HR, and vasoconstricting
Name the 4 parameters of pharmacokinetics (ADME) and how you’d spot them being referenced in an exam question
-absorption (stomach stuff–gastric, pH, etc)
-distribution (fluid/electrolytes, albumin/protein loss –> free drug)
-metabolism (liver)
-excretion (kidney issues)
