Exam I Terms/Definitions

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of drugs and their interactions with the human body

Question 2

Drug

Answer 2

Any chemical agent that affects a living protoplasm

Question 3

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Answer 3

Any response to a drug which is harmful and unintended

Question 4

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

The action of body on the drug

ADME - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

Question 5

Absorption

Answer 5

Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the central compartment (systemic system) and extent to which this occurs

Question 6

Bioavailability

Answer 6

Measure of the amount of drug that is BIO AVAILABLE –> i.e., available to exert a systemic effect on the body

In other words:
The fractional extent to which a dose of drug reaches site of action

Question 7

Cp max

Answer 7

Maximum concentration

Question 8

T max (hrs)

Answer 8

Time to achieve maximum concentration after administration

Question 9

Distribution

Answer 9

Following absorption (or systemic administration into bloodstream) when a drug distributes into interstitial and intracellular fluids

Question 10

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Answer 10

To account for observed initial drug concentrations following drug administration, researchers calculate an “apparent” volume

This is NOT a true physiologic volume

Question 11

Biotransformation

Answer 11

Drug is chemically altered to form a metabolite that is more “excretable” than parent drug

Question 12

Excretion

Answer 12

Removal of a drug or metabolite from the body via an organ

Question 13

Drug Clearance

Answer 13

The volume of blood that is cleared of drug per time

Question 14

Elimination/Drug Half-Life

Answer 14

The time it takes for the concentration of drug to reduce by 50%

Question 15

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 15

Effects of drug on the body

In vitro and in vivo

Question 16

Receptor

Answer 16

A molecule to which a drug binds to bring about a change in function of the biological system

Question 17

Receptor Site

Answer 17

Specific region of receptor molecule to which the drug binds

Question 18

Inert Binding Molecule or Site

Answer 18

A molecule to which a drug may bind without changing any function

Question 19

Spare receptor

Answer 19

Receptor that does not bind drug when drug concentration is sufficient to produce maximal effect

This is present when Kd > EC50

Question 20

Effector

Answer 20

Component that accomplishes the biologic effect and the receptor is activated by an agonist

examples:

• Channel
• enzyme molecule

Question 21

Efficacy, maximal efficacy (E max)

Answer 21

The maximum effect that can be achieved with a particular drug, REGARDLESS OF DOSE

Question 22

Potency

Answer 22

The amount of drug needed to produce a given effect, determined mainly by the affinity of the receptor for the drug and the number of receptors available

Question 23

Graded dose-response curve

Answer 23

A graph of increasing response to increasing drug concentration or dose

Question 24

Quantal dose-response curve

Answer 24

A graph of the fraction of a population that shows a specific response at progressively increasing doses

Question 25

EC 50

Answer 25

The CONCENTRATION that causes 50% of the maximum effect or toxicity

Question 26

ED 50

Answer 26

The DOSE that causes 50% of the maximum effect or toxicity

Question 27

TD 50 (or TC 50)

Answer 27

The median toxic Dose (Concentration), the dose (concentration) at which toxicity occurs in 50% of cases

Question 28

LD 50 (LC 50)

Answer 28

The median lethal dose (concentration) The dose (concentration) required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specific test duration

Question 29

Kd

Answer 29

The concentration of drug that binds 50% of the receptors in the system

Question 30

B max

Answer 30

Maximal number of receptors bound

Question 31

Partial agonist

Answer 31

A drug that binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage than a full agonist

Question 32

Allosteric Agonist

Answer 32

A drug that binds to its receptor molecule without interfering with normal agonist binding BUT alters the response to the normal agonist

Question 33

Competitive antagonist

Answer 33

A pharmacologic antagonist that can be overcome by increasing the concentration of agonist

Question 34

Irreversible antagonist

Answer 34

A pharmacologic antagonist that cannot be overcome by increasing agonist concentration

Question 35

Physiologic antagonist

Answer 35

A drug that counters effects of another by binding to a different receptor and causing opposing effects

Question 36

Chemical antagonist

Answer 36

A drug that counters effects of another by binding the agonist drug (not the receptor)

Question 37

Allosteric antagonist

Answer 37

A drug that binds to a receptor molecule without interfering with normal agonist binding BUT alters the response to the normal agonist

Question 38

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 38

TD 50 : ED 50