Exam I Flashcards
Vaccine for Western equine encephalitis
Killed vaccine
What diseases are associated with prions/unconventional slow viruses?
- Kuru
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Variable CJD (vCJD)
- Gertsmann-Straussler-Sheinker (GSS) Syndrome
- Fatal Familial Insomnia
- Sporadic Fatal Insomnia
Vaccine for Eastern equine encephalitis
Killed vaccine
Vaccine for St. Louis encephalitis
No vaccine
Vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Live vaccine for domestic animals only
Vaccine for California encephalitis
No vaccine
Vaccine for West Nile encephalitis
No vaccine
Vaccine for Hepatitis A and E
Killed vaccine (attenuated vaccine in China)
Vaccination for Hepatitis B
Vaccine containing HBsAg (Not Dane Particle)
Vaccine for Herpes Simplex Virus
No vaccine available
Drugs used to treat Herpes Simplex Virus
- Acyclovir
- Pencyclovir
- Valacyclovir
- Famcyclovir
- Adenosine Arabinosine & Vidarabine
- Iododeoxyuridine/Trifluridine
Vaccine for Varicella-Zoster Virus
Live/attenuated vaccine
Antiviral treatment for Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Live/attenuated vaccine
- Acyclovir, Femcyclovir, Valacyclovir
- Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin
- Zoster immune plasma
Indicator diseases AIDS
- Protozoan (toxoplasmosis of brain, cryptosporidiosis w/diarrhea (villi atrophy), and isosporiasis w/diarrhea)
- Fungal (pneumocystis jirovencii/carinii pneumonia)
- Viral (CMV disease, Hairy Leukoplakia (EBV), PML (JC virus), HSV infection)
What viruses may cause infectious mononucleosis?
- EBV
- CMV
- HIV (initial stages)
What is the diagnostic test for infectious mono?
Heterophile Antibody test
What does the heterophile antibody test indicate if it is positive or negative?
Negative: CMV
Positive: EBV
What disease is HHV 6 associated with?
Exanthem subitum (Roseola)
Which family of viruses is associated with brick-shaped tubules and dumbbell shaped nucleus?
Poxviridae family
Which DNA-containing virus is the exception to the rule of residing in the nucleus?
The poxviridae family of viruses replicate in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus
Vaccine for Variola Major
Attenuated Animal poxvirus
What virus is associated with progressive multifical leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
JC virus of the Polyomaviridae family
Mucosal syndromes of the papillomaviruses
Benign H&N tumors: Laryngeal papilloma (6 & 11), Oral papilloma
Anogenital warts: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (16 & 18)
What is PML?
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Demyelination disease
Vaccine for Papillomaviruses
Tetravalent vaccine (6, 11, 16, 18), or divalent vaccine (16, 18)
What are the 5 diseases causing rash?
- Measles
- Roseola
- Rubella
- Chickenpox
- Erythema Infectiosum
What virus is Eythema Infectiosum (Fifths disease) associated with?
B19 Parvovirus
What are the subtypes of herpetoviridae?
- Herpes Simplex virus 1
- Herpes Simplex virus
- Varicella-Zoster virus
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Cytomegalovirus
- Herpes Lymphotrophic virus
What are the subtypes of Poxviridae?
- Vaccinia
2. Molluscum Contagiosum (Molluscipoxvirus)
What is used for passive immunization for HBV?
- Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)
2. Hyperimmune Gamma Globulin (HBIG)
Vaccine for Mumps virus
Live/attenuated vaccine part of MMR
What is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and what virus is it associated with?
Neurological Sequelae of measles where defective viral mutants slowly divide and spread CTC without being released from cells
Associated with measles (rubeola) virus (morbillivirus)
Vaccine for measles (rubeola) virus
Live attenuated vaccine
What disease is RSV associated with?
Fatal acute respiratory tract infection in infants and young children
Which virus family is associated with polyprotein?
Picornaviridae family
What are Koplik spots associated with?
Measles (rubeola)
Vaccine for polio
Salk vaccine: Inactivated vaccine
Sabin vaccine: Live attenuated vaccine
What do granulomas contain?
- Fibrous tissue
2. Mononuclear cells
What would happen without neutrophils?
Bacteremia and death
Example organism that causes Giant cell and granuloma formation
TB Bacillus
What are examples of Chemotactic factors?
- Chemokines from T-cells
- Bacteria
- Prostaglandins from injured tissue
- Complement with Antibodies (C3a and C5a)
What does hydrophobicity/interfacial tension have to do with phagocytosis?
In order for phagocytosis to occur, the hydrophobicity/interfacial tension between the antigen and water must be greater than the hydrophobicity/interfacial tension of the phagocytic cell and water
How does the body change the hydrophobicity of an antigen?
Complement and antibodies
What do azurophilic/primary granules contain?
- Hydrolases (Lipases, Nucleases, Proteases, Phosphatases, Glucuronidases, Peroxidases)
- Myeloperoxidases
- Basic Proteins (Defensins, Azurocidin, Cathepsin G, Elastase, Bacterial Permeability Factor)
What do Secondary/Specific granules contain?
- Lysozyme
- Lactoferrin
- Collagenase
- Alkaline Phosphatase
What are Nonoxidate killing methods?
- Basic Proteins (Defensins, Azurocidin, Cathepsin G, Bacterial Permability Factor, and Elastase)
- Hydrolases
- Lactoferrin
What are Oxidative Killing Mechanisms?
- Myeloperoxidase
- H2O2-Myeloperoxidase-Halide System (enhances H2O2 killing ability)
- Superoxide generation
Size range and largest and smallest viruses
18-300 nm size range
Smallest: Parvovirus
Largest: Paramyxovirus (as large as the smallest bacteria, Chlamydia)
What comprises the nucleocapsid?
- DNA or RNA
- Structural proteins
- Enzymes and Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins
Why can’t viruses be grown on cell-free media?
Because they are obligate intracellular parasites
Where do RNA viruses generally replicate? What about DNA viruses?
RNA: Cytoplasm
DNA: Nucleus
What is the route of HAV and HEV?
Oral, intestinal, blood, liver, bile, feces
Who are chronic carriers of HBV and why?
Infants because of their relatively immature CMI
What is used for serologic testing for an HBV infection?
HBeAg (NOT HBsAG)
What is the main complication with Hepatitis D infection?
Fulminant Hepititis
Which Hepatitis virus is related most to chronicity?
Hepatitis C/Non-A, Non-B posttransfusion
How is HGV transmitted and what does it usually lead to?
Transmission: blood
Usually leads to chronic hepatitis (like HCV)
What kind of virus is HIV?
HIV is a Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family
What is the marker protein for HIV infection?
p24
What is unique about HIV’s genome?
It has 2 copies of its RNA genome with RNA primers on each strand
How is HIV transmitted?
- Blood (needles and transfusions)
- Sexually
- Perinatally (mom is HIV+)
(NOTE: close contact is not associated with HIV transmission)
What are the types of passive immunization for HBV and what are they composed of?
- Hyperimmune gamma globulin (HBIG): anti-HBs and anti-HBc from previously infected people
- Immune Serum Globulin (ISG): pooled IgG (not good)
How do viruses replicate?
Assembly of components
