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Medical Microbiology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Vaccine for Western equine encephalitis

A

Killed vaccine

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1
Q

What diseases are associated with prions/unconventional slow viruses?

A
  1. Kuru
  2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
  3. Variable CJD (vCJD)
  4. Gertsmann-Straussler-Sheinker (GSS) Syndrome
  5. Fatal Familial Insomnia
  6. Sporadic Fatal Insomnia
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2
Q

Vaccine for Eastern equine encephalitis

A

Killed vaccine

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3
Q

Vaccine for St. Louis encephalitis

A

No vaccine

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4
Q

Vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis

A

Live vaccine for domestic animals only

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5
Q

Vaccine for California encephalitis

A

No vaccine

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7
Q

Vaccine for West Nile encephalitis

A

No vaccine

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8
Q

Vaccine for Hepatitis A and E

A

Killed vaccine (attenuated vaccine in China)

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9
Q

Vaccination for Hepatitis B

A

Vaccine containing HBsAg (Not Dane Particle)

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10
Q

Vaccine for Herpes Simplex Virus

A

No vaccine available

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11
Q

Drugs used to treat Herpes Simplex Virus

A
  1. Acyclovir
  2. Pencyclovir
  3. Valacyclovir
  4. Famcyclovir
  5. Adenosine Arabinosine & Vidarabine
  6. Iododeoxyuridine/Trifluridine
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12
Q

Vaccine for Varicella-Zoster Virus

A

Live/attenuated vaccine

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13
Q

Antiviral treatment for Varicella-Zoster Virus

A
  1. Live/attenuated vaccine
  2. Acyclovir, Femcyclovir, Valacyclovir
  3. Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin
  4. Zoster immune plasma
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14
Q

Indicator diseases AIDS

A
  1. Protozoan (toxoplasmosis of brain, cryptosporidiosis w/diarrhea (villi atrophy), and isosporiasis w/diarrhea)
  2. Fungal (pneumocystis jirovencii/carinii pneumonia)
  3. Viral (CMV disease, Hairy Leukoplakia (EBV), PML (JC virus), HSV infection)
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15
Q

What viruses may cause infectious mononucleosis?

A
  1. EBV
  2. CMV
  3. HIV (initial stages)
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16
Q

What is the diagnostic test for infectious mono?

A

Heterophile Antibody test

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17
Q

What does the heterophile antibody test indicate if it is positive or negative?

A

Negative: CMV
Positive: EBV

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18
Q

What disease is HHV 6 associated with?

A

Exanthem subitum (Roseola)

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19
Q

Which family of viruses is associated with brick-shaped tubules and dumbbell shaped nucleus?

A

Poxviridae family

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20
Q

Which DNA-containing virus is the exception to the rule of residing in the nucleus?

A

The poxviridae family of viruses replicate in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus

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21
Q

Vaccine for Variola Major

A

Attenuated Animal poxvirus

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22
Q

What virus is associated with progressive multifical leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

A

JC virus of the Polyomaviridae family

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23
Q

Mucosal syndromes of the papillomaviruses

A

Benign H&N tumors: Laryngeal papilloma (6 & 11), Oral papilloma

Anogenital warts: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (16 & 18)

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24
Q

What is PML?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Demyelination disease

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25
Q

Vaccine for Papillomaviruses

A

Tetravalent vaccine (6, 11, 16, 18), or divalent vaccine (16, 18)

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26
Q

What are the 5 diseases causing rash?

A
  1. Measles
  2. Roseola
  3. Rubella
  4. Chickenpox
  5. Erythema Infectiosum
27
Q

What virus is Eythema Infectiosum (Fifths disease) associated with?

A

B19 Parvovirus

28
Q

What are the subtypes of herpetoviridae?

A
  1. Herpes Simplex virus 1
  2. Herpes Simplex virus
  3. Varicella-Zoster virus
  4. Epstein-Barr Virus
  5. Cytomegalovirus
  6. Herpes Lymphotrophic virus
29
Q

What are the subtypes of Poxviridae?

A
  1. Vaccinia

2. Molluscum Contagiosum (Molluscipoxvirus)

30
Q

What is used for passive immunization for HBV?

A
  1. Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)

2. Hyperimmune Gamma Globulin (HBIG)

31
Q

Vaccine for Mumps virus

A

Live/attenuated vaccine part of MMR

32
Q

What is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and what virus is it associated with?

A

Neurological Sequelae of measles where defective viral mutants slowly divide and spread CTC without being released from cells

Associated with measles (rubeola) virus (morbillivirus)

33
Q

Vaccine for measles (rubeola) virus

A

Live attenuated vaccine

34
Q

What disease is RSV associated with?

A

Fatal acute respiratory tract infection in infants and young children

35
Q

Which virus family is associated with polyprotein?

A

Picornaviridae family

36
Q

What are Koplik spots associated with?

A

Measles (rubeola)

37
Q

Vaccine for polio

A

Salk vaccine: Inactivated vaccine

Sabin vaccine: Live attenuated vaccine

38
Q

What do granulomas contain?

A
  1. Fibrous tissue

2. Mononuclear cells

39
Q

What would happen without neutrophils?

A

Bacteremia and death

40
Q

Example organism that causes Giant cell and granuloma formation

A

TB Bacillus

41
Q

What are examples of Chemotactic factors?

A
  1. Chemokines from T-cells
  2. Bacteria
  3. Prostaglandins from injured tissue
  4. Complement with Antibodies (C3a and C5a)
42
Q

What does hydrophobicity/interfacial tension have to do with phagocytosis?

A

In order for phagocytosis to occur, the hydrophobicity/interfacial tension between the antigen and water must be greater than the hydrophobicity/interfacial tension of the phagocytic cell and water

43
Q

How does the body change the hydrophobicity of an antigen?

A

Complement and antibodies

44
Q

What do azurophilic/primary granules contain?

A
  1. Hydrolases (Lipases, Nucleases, Proteases, Phosphatases, Glucuronidases, Peroxidases)
  2. Myeloperoxidases
  3. Basic Proteins (Defensins, Azurocidin, Cathepsin G, Elastase, Bacterial Permeability Factor)
45
Q

What do Secondary/Specific granules contain?

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Lactoferrin
  3. Collagenase
  4. Alkaline Phosphatase
46
Q

What are Nonoxidate killing methods?

A
  1. Basic Proteins (Defensins, Azurocidin, Cathepsin G, Bacterial Permability Factor, and Elastase)
  2. Hydrolases
  3. Lactoferrin
47
Q

What are Oxidative Killing Mechanisms?

A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. H2O2-Myeloperoxidase-Halide System (enhances H2O2 killing ability)
  3. Superoxide generation
48
Q

Size range and largest and smallest viruses

A

18-300 nm size range

Smallest: Parvovirus

Largest: Paramyxovirus (as large as the smallest bacteria, Chlamydia)

49
Q

What comprises the nucleocapsid?

A
  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Structural proteins
  3. Enzymes and Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins
50
Q

Why can’t viruses be grown on cell-free media?

A

Because they are obligate intracellular parasites

51
Q

Where do RNA viruses generally replicate? What about DNA viruses?

A

RNA: Cytoplasm

DNA: Nucleus

52
Q

What is the route of HAV and HEV?

A

Oral, intestinal, blood, liver, bile, feces

53
Q

Who are chronic carriers of HBV and why?

A

Infants because of their relatively immature CMI

54
Q

What is used for serologic testing for an HBV infection?

A

HBeAg (NOT HBsAG)

55
Q

What is the main complication with Hepatitis D infection?

A

Fulminant Hepititis

56
Q

Which Hepatitis virus is related most to chronicity?

A

Hepatitis C/Non-A, Non-B posttransfusion

57
Q

How is HGV transmitted and what does it usually lead to?

A

Transmission: blood

Usually leads to chronic hepatitis (like HCV)

58
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

HIV is a Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family

59
Q

What is the marker protein for HIV infection?

A

p24

60
Q

What is unique about HIV’s genome?

A

It has 2 copies of its RNA genome with RNA primers on each strand

61
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  1. Blood (needles and transfusions)
  2. Sexually
  3. Perinatally (mom is HIV+)
    (NOTE: close contact is not associated with HIV transmission)
62
Q

What are the types of passive immunization for HBV and what are they composed of?

A
  1. Hyperimmune gamma globulin (HBIG): anti-HBs and anti-HBc from previously infected people
  2. Immune Serum Globulin (ISG): pooled IgG (not good)
63
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Assembly of components

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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