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054 Area Control Surveillance > Exam from previous > Flashcards

Exam from previous Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a radar system?

A

Aerial.

Transmitter.

Receiver.

Display.

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2
Q

What is the radar process?

A
  1. The radar sends out a signal pulse. The energy is not transmitted continuously but is sent out in the form of pulses.
  2. The radar switches into receive mode.
  3. The pulse either strikes an object or disappears into space never to be seen again.
  4. The reflection from the target is received by the radar, processed, and displayed as an undefined object. The strength of the returned pulse will depend on the reflective properties of the target(the size of the target and the material that it is made from).
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3
Q

What is a radar fade area?

A

These may exist where there are gaps in the radar coverage. They may also result from shadowing by hills or obstructions in the line of sight between a particular target and the radar aerial.

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4
Q

What is the radar overhead?

A

The blind area that exists overhead a radar site

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5
Q

What influences the size of the radar overhead?

A
  1. Antenna design.
  2. Antenna tilt angle.
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6
Q

What determines the ability for a radar to detect an aircraft?

A
  1. The power of the transmitter.
  2. The location of the aerial.
  3. The size and reflective properties of the aircraft.
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7
Q

What are the two main variables that determine whether an aircraft will be detected or not?

A

The aircraft’s:

  1. Altitude and,
  2. Distance from the radar aerial.
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8
Q

What is the height vs range approximation?

A

10 NM per 1000 ft.

1 NM per 100 ft.

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9
Q

How might you overcome the radar overhead and fade areas?

A

Use multiple radar sites to cover a particular area (Overlapping coverage)

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10
Q

What are the limitations in the provision of a radar service?

The number of aircraft provided with radar services shall not exceed those that can be handled safely under the prevailing circumstances, taking into account:

A
  • The structural complexity of the area or sector concerned.
  • The radar functions to be performed within the control area or sector concerned.
  • Assessment of controller workloads and sector capacity.
  • Limitations in radar coverage.
  • The degree of technical reliability and availability of the main and back-up radar and communications system; and
  • The possibility of radar equipment failure or other emergency that would eventually require reverting to back-up facilities and/or non-radar separation.
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11
Q

Pilots will assume a continuous radar service is being provided unitl when?

A
  1. They are informed they are out of radar coverage.
  2. They are informed that a radar service is being terminated.
  3. They have landed.
  4. The contact a non-radar unit.
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12
Q

What actions should a controller take if misidentification is suspected? (3 marks)

A
  1. Changes of heading should be prescribed or repeated as necessary.
  2. Additional methods of identification should then be employed until all risk or error in identification is eliminated.
  3. Assuming that vertical separation is being provided, issue diverging headings to two aircraft in close proximity to allow them to track away from each other and be re-identified.
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13
Q

What actions should a controller take if misidentification has occurred?

A
  1. Advise the pilot that radar identification is lost.
  2. If under radar vectors, instruct the pilot to resume own navigation.
  3. If terrain clearance is in doubt, climb the aircraft to a safe level and advise the pilot to remain VMC if possible.
  4. Establish non-radar separation from other known traffic, (e.g. vertical separation).
  5. Pass essential traffic information if separation from other known traffic does not exist.
  6. Scan the situation display for RPS/RPI which may be the aircraft concerned and re-establish radar identification.
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14
Q

What are the four methods of establishing primary identification?

A
  1. Matching an RPS with an aircraft reporting its own position.
  2. Observing an aircraft immediately after take-off.
  3. By radar transfer from another controller.
  4. Observing a clearly defined change in direction.
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15
Q

What are the provisos when matching an RPS with an aircraft reporting its position?

A
  1. The position that the aircraft report is based on must be displayed on the situation display.
  2. The RPS is seen and its position is consistent with the pilots position report.
  3. The track of the target is consistent with the route or reported heading of the aircraft.
  4. The RPS is within 5nm of the reported position of the aircraft.
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16
Q

What are the provisos for Observing a clearly defined change in direction?

A
  • Ensure that the degree of turn is 30° or more and that the new heading is maintained for sufficient time for the turn to be observed, and
  • Verify that the movements of not more than one radar target correspond with those of the aircraft concerned.

It is worth pointing out here that there are two possible situation detailed in this rule:

-Where we are telling the pilot to take up a turn of 30 degrees or more

-Where the pilot calls us and reports the execution of a turn of 30 degrees or more.

All the associated provisio’s and cautions apply to both situations

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17
Q

When observing a clearly defined change in direction what shall the controller do?

A
  • Ensure that the degree of turn is 30° or more and that the new heading is maintained for sufficient time for the turn to be observed, and
  • Verify that the movements of not more than one radar target correspond with those of the aircraft concerned.

It is worth pointing out here that there are two possible situation detailed in t- Verify that the movements of the aircraft do not correspond with more than one radar position indication; and

  • Ensure that the manoeuvres will not carry the aircraft outside the coverage of radar, or the situation display.

(Possibly not be undertaken where route changes normally occur)

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18
Q

How do we pass position information?

A
  • As a well-known geographical position, or
  • Magnetic track and distance to a significant point or enroute or approach navigation aid, or
  • Bearing (using points of the compass) and distance from a known position, or
  • Distance and direction from the centre line of an ATS route, or
  • Distance to touchdown if the aircraft is on final approach
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19
Q

Pilots should be informed of their position (Part 1/3)

A

Upon identification, except when the identification is established:

  • Based on the pilot’s position report, or
  • Upon departure and the observation is consistent with the aircraft’s time of departure, or
  • By use of ADS-B aircraft identification procedures or assigned discrete SSR codes, including recognition of an aircraft’s identification in a radar datablock, and the location of the observed RPS is consistent with the current flight plan or known track of the aircraft, or
  • By transfer or radar identification
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20
Q

Pilots should be informed of their position (Part 2/3)

A
  • When requested by the pilot,
  • When after querying the pilot’s estimate, the estimate still differs significantly from the radar controller’s estimate based on radar observation of route readout data;
  • At intervals when on a radar heading, particularly when an arriving aircraft is being vectored for approach
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21
Q

Pilots should be informed of their position (Part 3/3)

A
  • Prior to reverting to own navigation after radar vectoring except where instructions are given to regain track prior to a navigation aid or waypoint,
  • When an aircraft is off track to the extent that is outside the navigation tolerance for the type of navigation aid being used;
  • When the pilot is informed that radar identification has been regained following a loss of radar identification
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22
Q

How can you identify an aircraft using secondary radar?

A
  1. Recognition of the aircraft identification in an SSR and/or MLAT label/datablock; or
  2. Recognition of an assigned discrete code, the setting of which has been verified, in an SSR and/or MLAT label/datablock, and
  3. Direct recognition of the aircraft identification of a Mode S-equipped aircraft in an SSR and/or MLAT label
  4. Transfer of identification, or
  5. Observation of compliance with an instruction to set a specific code, or
  6. Observation of compliance with an instruction to “squawk ident”
  7. Any primary radar method.
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23
Q

What is the emergency phraseology to get an aircraft to squawk 7700?

A

“Squawk MAYDAY [CODE SEVEN-SEVEN-ZERO-ZERO]”

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24
Q

What is the phraseology to confrim if an aircraft is squawking 7500?

A

“Confrim squawking SEVEN FIVE ZERO ZERO?”

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25
Q

What is a more subtle way to get an aircraft to squawk 7500?

A

Insert the phrase “CHANNEL SEVEN FIVE ZERO ZERO” into any RTF transmission.

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26
Q

What is the squawk code for a general emergency?

A

7700

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27
Q

What is the squawk code for comms failure?

A

7600

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28
Q

What is the squawk code for unlawful interference?

A

7500

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29
Q

IFR flights in AA OCA departing NZ, or inbound or overflying NZ FIR shall squawk?

A

Code assigned on departure, or last code assigned, or 2000

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30
Q

IFR flights within the NZ FIR shall squawk?

A

Code assigned or 2000

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31
Q

What code do Fire suppression and reconnaissance (fixed wing and helicopters) squawk?

A

0111

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32
Q

Who squawks 1200?

A

Civil VFR aeroplanes other than gliders.

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33
Q

Who squawks 1300?

A

VFR Gliders and balloons

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34
Q

What do VFR aircraft in GAA’s squawk?

A

1400

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35
Q

What do civil VFR helicopters squawk?

A

1500

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36
Q

VFR flights within the Auckland Oceanic FIR squawk?

A

2000

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37
Q

What do VFR defence fixed wing aircraft squawk?

A

6000

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38
Q

What do defence VFR helicopters squawk?

A

6500

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39
Q

How is code allocation handled if there is an FDP system faiure?

A
  1. Codes already issued by the FDP shall continue to be used, and
  2. Other codes required shall be issued on a sector/tower basis from the unique lists provided.
40
Q

Does Mode C information need to be verified prior to use?

A

Yes

41
Q

How is Mode C information verified?

A

The first radar sector shall verify the accuracy of Mode C derived level information after departure, on entry into radar coverage or on initial RTF contact, by comparison with a pilot reported level.

42
Q

A pilot will report their altitude rounded to what?

A

The nearest 100 ft.

43
Q

In order to verify a reported level, how accurate does the pilots reported altitude need to be in reference to the Mode C information on screen?

A

±200 ft

44
Q

When is an aircraft considered to have reached the level to which it has been cleared?

A

When an elapsed time of 15 seconds has passed since the pressure altitude-derived level information has indicated that it is 200 feet or less from its assigned level.

45
Q

Can you verify mode C information while the aircraft is in the transition layer?

A

Mode C aircraft level information shall not be verified while the aircraft is in the transition layer.

46
Q

What is the phraseology used to get an aircraft to check the accuracy of their Mode C information?

A

“Confirm [level]”

“Check altimeter setting and confirm level” can also give QNH

“Stop squawk Charlie. Wrong indication”

47
Q

When is an aircraft considered to have vacated its level?

A

A change of more than 300 ft in the anticipated direction.

48
Q

When is an aircraft considered to have passed a level?

A

Passed this level in the required direction by more than 300 ft

49
Q

When one aircraft is climbing and another is descending, when are they considered to be separated? (NZ specific)

A

SSR Mode C derived level information indicates a difference in level of more than the applicable separation minimum plus 600 ft after the levels have crossed.

50
Q

How do we know an aircraft is RVSM equipped?

A

There is the letter W in field 10 (Equipment) of their flight plan.

51
Q

How do we ask if the aircraft is RVSM equipped?

A

“CONFIRM RVSM APPROVED””

52
Q

What is the radar separation between identified and unidentified flights on the same track including all provisos.

A

R20 is applicable when:

  • The identified aircraft is at least 20 NM past the point at which the unidentified aircraft is expected to be established under radar control.
  • In airspace where the radar coverage is provided by SSR only, this separation shall not be used until a check of other relevant information, such as position reports and estimates, indicates that the unidentified aircraft is at least 20 NM behind the identified aircraft.

R5 is applicable when:

  • The following aircraft is identified, and
  • The leading aircraft which had been identified has since passed out of radar cover, and
  • The following aircraft can reach separation level at least 5 NM before the position at which the leading aircraft passed out of radar cover.
53
Q

List the separation minima for the provision of radar separation between identified and unidentified flights on reciprocal tracks, including all provisos.

A

R50 is applicable in airspace where radar coverage is provided by SSR only, between an identified aircraft and unidentified aircraft not yet in radar cover, when:

  • The unidentified aircraft has an operable transponder, and
  • The identified aircraft reaches separation level at least 50 NM prior to the point at which the unidentified aircraft is expected to be established under radar control, and
  • The pilot of the unidentified aircraft reports a position or estimate that confirms that the aircraft will not be in radar coverage prior to the identified aircraft reaching separation level.
  • Additionally, aircraft entering domestic airspace from Oceanic airspace must be RNAV equipped.

R20 is applicable when:

  • The identified aircraft reaches separation level at least 20 NM before the point at which the conflicting traffic is expected to be established under radar control.
  • This separation shall only be used in airspace where PSR coverage is available.

R5 is applicable, and either aircraft may climb or descend when:

The aircraft which has been identified has since passed out of radar cover, and

The identified aircraft is at least 5 NM past the position at which the previously identified aircraft passed out of radar cover.

54
Q

List the separation minima for the provision of radar separation between identified and holding aircraft, including all provisos.

A

R5 is applicable between an identified aircraft that is not holding and other identified aircraft that are holding notwithstanding that the individual identity of the holding aircraft may be lost.

55
Q

What are the methods for transfer of radar identification?

A
  1. Designation of RPS by automated means
  2. Notification of discrete SSR code or aircraft address
  3. Physically pointing to the RPS
  4. Bearing and Distance information
  5. SSR code change
  6. Squawk IDENT
56
Q

What are the methods for transfer of radar identification?

A
  1. Designation of RPS by automated means
  2. Notification of discrete SSR code or aircraft address
  3. Physically pointing to the RPS
  4. Bearing and Distance information
  5. SSR code change
  6. Squawk IDENT
57
Q

When may an aircraft be transferred to another sector without prior coordination?

A
  1. The procedure is agreed and documented in LOA/LUO between the sectors involved, and
  2. Aircraft are separated by at least 5 NM, constant or increasing, and
  3. Transferred aircraft shall be instructed to report headings and/or speeds applicable on first contact to the next sector, and
  4. The transferring controller shall advise the accepting controller of any aircraft that will affect the release, and
  5. The accepting controller may turn the aircraft provided revised routing instructions will not infringe separation with aircraft known to be under the control of the transferring controller, and
  6. The accepting controller shall not climb arrivals or descend departures.
58
Q

When may an aircraft be vectored?

A

Aircraft may be radar vectored:

  • In class A, C and D airspace for separation purposes, safety reasons, noise abatement, operational advantage, on pilot request or to assist an aircraft’s navigation.
  • In class G airspace only in an emergency.
59
Q

What advice do you need to give to pilots when giving them vectors?

A

When an aircraft is given its initial vector the pilot shall be informed what the vector is to accomplish, and the limit of the vector when the assigned heading may result in a safety risk if there is a loss of communications.

60
Q

When can radar vectoring be terminated?

A

Radar vectoring shall not be terminated until the aircraft is established under own navigation and:

  • in accordance with the provisions of RAC 3 Direct Routing, proceeding direct to:
  • a navigation aid or fix; or
  • join a promulgated track or procedure; or
  • has reported established on the final approach track of an instrument approach procedure; or
  • has been cleared for a visual approach.
61
Q

When can an IFR aircraft descend below the published profile of the STAR?

A

ATC may instruct an aircraft to descend below the published profile on a STAR in accordance with the radar terrain contour map. While complying with this instruction, the pilot-in-command is required to maintain lateral tracking.

“ANZ446 CONTINUE TRACKING VIA STAR, DESCEND TO….. (ft), RADAR TERRAIN (reason).”

62
Q

Who is responsible for terrain?

A

The controller is responsible for terrain when vectoring aircraft.

63
Q

What are the boundaries for radar vectoring?

A

An aircraft receiving vectoring shall be contained within controlled airspace by at least 2 NM from the lateral boundaries and at least 500 feet above the lower limit except:

  • A vector may be issued to an aircraft and be effective at the point of entry into controlled airspace provided that it will track the aircraft expeditiously to a point at least 2 NM within controlled airspace.
  • Aircraft shall not be vectored closer than 2 NM to the boundary of control zones or control zone sectors unless coordination has taken place with the relevant tower controller.
  • A radar controller shall not vector an aircraft closer than 5 NM from the sector boundary that is coincident with the sector boundary of another radar controller unless prior coordination has taken place, except when otherwise agreed in a LUO/LOA.
  • An aircraft shall not be vectored closer than 10 NM from the edge of a radar display.
64
Q

What does radar flight information service include?

A

A flight information service based on radar observations may include:

  • Traffic information, including traffic avoidance advice;
  • navigation assistance
65
Q

When is an aircraft target considered to be unknown?

A

When the radar controller is unable to relate the aircraft target to a particular flight known to be operating in the airspace concerned.

66
Q

When is an unknown aircraft considered to be on a conflicting path?

A

When, in the opinion of the controller, projection of the tracks would reduce the distance between the aircraft to less than 3 NM.

67
Q

When are radar controllers not required to pass traffic information on unknown aircraft?

A

When it can be reasonably assumed that the unknown aircraft is:

  • Operating within and complying with the procedures appropriate to promulgated special use airspace; or
  • Operating outside the airspace concerned when the identified aircraft is operating within controlled airspace.
68
Q

What qualifies as a significant deviation from a clearance?

A

When an aircraft is outside the following limits:

  • 2 NM from nominal track beyond 30 NM from the departure or destination aerodrome.
  • 1 NM from nominal track within 30 NM from the departure or destination aerodrome.
  • 6 degrees from a VOR, VORTAC or TACAN
  • 10 degrees from an NDB.
69
Q

Who does essential traffic relate to? (know verbatim)

A

Any controlled flights that are separated by less than the specified horizontal or vertical separation minimum, and includes flights that are maintaining own separation in VMC.

70
Q

How do you pass essential traffic?

A

The words “Essential Traffic”

Direction of flight

Type of aircraft

Level information

Position

71
Q

What are the types of speed reference, where and when are they used?

A

Mach number (at or above FL250)

TAS (The actual speed of the aircraft through the air)

IAS (the speed displayed to the pilots by the airspeed indicator in the cockpit. Below FL250

GS (The speed of an aircraft across the ground, equal to the TAS after taking into account the effect of wind. Shown on controller’s screen)

72
Q

What are the (three) types of airspeed restrictions?

A

Airspace speed restrictions,

ATC speed restrictions, &

Procedural speed restrictions

73
Q

What are the pilot’s considerations for adherence to speed control?

A

The flight crew shall inform the ATC unit concerned if at any time they are unable to comply with a speed instruction.

74
Q

Which speed restrictions are cancelled by the use of the phraseology “NO ATC SPEED RESTRICTIONS”

A
  • Max 250 kts IAS below 10,000 ft within 30 NM of AA, WN and CH; and
  • ATC speed requirements on STAR charts; and
  • Speed requirements on an instrument approach.
75
Q

When is distance based wake turbulence applied? (know verbatim)

A

To all aircraft being provided with an ATS surveillance service in all phases of flight when:

  • An aircraft is operating directly behind another aircraft at the same level or less than 1000 ft below; or
  • An aircraft is crossing behind another aircraft at the same level or less than 1000 ft below; or
  • Both aircraft are using the same runway, or parallel runways separated by less than 760 m.
76
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft follwing a Super (J)

A

Heavy 6 NM

Medium 7 NM

Light 8 NM

77
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft following a Heavy (H)

A

Heavy 4 NM

Medium 5 NM

Light 6 NM

78
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft following a Medium (M)

A

Light 5 NM

79
Q

What are the provisos that must be met for the application of visual separation beyond the vicinity of the aerodrome?

A

In class C and D airspaces, vertical or horizontal separation standards may be reduced by an approach or area controller applying visual separation during the hours of daylight provided that:

  • a specific request is made by a pilot, and
  • each aircraft is under the control of the same operating position, or physically adjacent operating positions, provided both controllers agree, and
  • there is no possibility of incorrect identification.
80
Q

When using visual separation beyond the vicinity of the aerodrome for IFR aircraft in class C and D airspace, what must the pilots ensure?

A
  • both flights remain in VMC, and
  • each aircraft is continuously visible to the pilot of the other aircraft concerned and both pilots concur with the application of visual separation; or
  • the pilot of a succeeding aircraft reports having the preceding aircraft in sight, and can maintain visual separation.
81
Q

What do you do in the event of a complete radar failure?

A

The radar controller shall advise all aircraft concerned and, in conjunction with the non-radar controller and/or adjacent control positions/sectors/units, make every effort to: EEEL

  1. Establish non-radar separation, and
  2. Ensure that terrain clearance is maintained, and
  3. Establish aircraft under their own navigation, and
  4. limit or prohibit aircraft entering the sector.
82
Q

How do you establish non-radar separation? (Part 1/2)

A
  • Hold departures;
  • Cancel descent instructions, making use of aids for holding until a non-radar approach sequence can be established;
  • As an emergency measure, use of levels spaced by half the applicable vertical separation minimum may be resorted to until standard separation can be adopted;
83
Q

How do you establish non-radar separation? (Part 2 of 2)

A
  • When emergency separation is applied the pilots concerned shall be advised that emergency separation is being applied and informed of the actual minimum used. Additionally, all pilots concerned shall be provided with essential traffic information.
  • Aircraft operating at or above 13,000ft (FL160 in the Mount Cook Raised Transition Area) can be held at any VOR/DME fix provided that horizontal separation is not infringed;
  • Notwithstanding the rules for the particular controlled airspace, aircraft operating in VMC may be instructed to climb or descend maintaining their own separation in VMC
84
Q

When is collision hazard information used?

A

It is used in situations where in the controller’s judgement there is a very real possibility of a collision between the aircraft concerned.

85
Q

Information regarding traffic on a conflicting path should be given, whenever practicable, in the following form:

A
  • Relative bearing of the conflicting traffic in terms of the 12-hour clock
  • Distance from the conflicting traffic in NM
  • Direction in which the conflicting traffic appears to be proceeding;
  • Level and type of aircraft or , if unknown, relative speed of the conflicting traffic, e.g. slow or fast.

State if the pressure altitude derived information is unverified.

86
Q

When a pilot reports “Minimum fuel” , what are the controller’s responsibilities?

A

The controller shall inform the pilot as soon as practicable of any anticipated delays or that no delays are expected.

“ROGER MINIMUM FUEL (NO DELAY EXPECTED or EXPECT delay inoformation)”.

87
Q

Who will ACAS provide alerts on?

A

Nearby aircraft equipped with transponders that reply to Mode A, C or S interrogations

88
Q

Who has control of an aircraft during an RA?

A

Once an aircraft commences a response to an RA, no control instructions shall be issued to that aircraft or any other aircraft involved in the RA and ATC responsibility for ceases, and

Essential traffic shall be passed.

89
Q

Who is responsible for controlling the aircraft after an RA?

A

Once the pilot advises “clear of conflict” the controller shall make every endeavour to restore separation and ATC responsibility resumes when this has been achieved.

90
Q

How does a controller respond to a pilot report of “TCAS RA”?

A

“ROGER + (Essential Traffic)”

91
Q

How does a controller respond to a pilot reporting “CLEAR OF CONFLICT (assigned clearance) RESUMED”

A

“ROGER (or alternative instructions)”

92
Q

How does a controller respond to a pilot reporting “CLEAR OF CONFLICT, RETURNING TO (assigned clearance)”

A

“ROGER (or alternative instructions)”

93
Q

If a pilot receives an ATC clearance or instruction contradictory to the ACAS RA; the pilot will follow the RA and inform ATC how?

A

“UNABLE, TCAS RA”

94
Q

When given speed instructions, the pilot is required to maintain that speed within ______.

A

10 kts

95
Q

List two environmental characteristics that could affect a radar in the detection of aircraft.

A

Anomolous propagation

Fade areas.

054 Area Control Surveillance (4 decks)

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