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054 Area Control Surveillance > 054 Final Exam > Flashcards

054 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

List the four basic components of a primary radar system.(4 marks)

A

Aerial.

Transmitter.

Receiver.

Display.

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2
Q

List environmental factors that can cause gaps in radar coverage.

A
  • Hills
  • Obstructions
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3
Q

What is the height vs range formula?

A

1000ft per 10 NM

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4
Q

What is meant by the term radar overhead?

A

This is a blind area that exists overhead the radar site

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5
Q

What factors can effect the size of the overhead?

A
  • the design of the aerial and amount of “tilt” given to the aerial
  • the height of the aircraft
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6
Q

What is Mode A used for?

A

Identification

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7
Q

What is Mode C used for?

A

Altitude reporting

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8
Q

What are the Emergency Squawk Codes?

A

7500 - Unlawful Interference

7600 - Communications Failure

7700 - Emergency

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9
Q

The pilot operating an aircraft, not in a formation, in transponder mandatory airspace must set the transponder:

A

(a) To the appropriate code assigned by ATC for the flight; or

(b) If not assigned a code by ATC, in accordance with Table ENR 1.6-1; or

(c) If an in-flight emergency, loss of communications, or an unlawful interference occurs, in accordance with Table ENR 1.6-2.

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10
Q

If, due to system failure, the FDP is unable to issue SSR codes the following procedures shall be adopted:

A
  • Codes already issued by the FDP shall continue to be used, and
  • Other codes required shall be issued on a sector/tower basis from the unique lists provided.
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11
Q

List actions a controller should take if misidentification has occurred. (6 Marks)

A
  • Advise the pilot that radar identification is lost;
  • If under radar vectors, instruct the pilot to resume own navigation;
  • If terrain clearance is in doubt, climb the aircraft to a safe level, and advise the pilot to remain in VMC if possible,
  • Establish Non-Radar separation from other known traffic, (e.g. vertical separation);
  • Pass essential traffic information if separation from other known traffic does not exist;
  • Scan the situation display for RPS/RPI which may be the aircraft concerned and re-establish Radar Identification
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12
Q

Pilots will assume continuous radar coverage and service until either:

A
  • They are informed that they are out of radar coverage; or
  • They are informed that a radar service is being terminated; or
  • They have landed; or
  • They contact a non-radar control unit.
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13
Q

Primary radar identification may be achieved by correlating a particular radar position symbol with an aircraft reporting its position State the conditions which must be fulfilled when using this method of identification.

A
  • The position that the aircraft report is based on must be displayed on the situation display.
  • The RPS is seen and its position is consistent with the pilots position report
  • The track of the target is consistent with the route or reported heading of the aircraft
  • For NZ controller’s you must ensure that the RPS is within 5Nm of reported position of the aircraft
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14
Q

There are two important requirements for most forms of primary radar identification.

A
  • The controller has information on the expected movement of the aircraft concerned; and
  • The aircraft concerned has been continuously visible on the radar screen for a period of time.
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15
Q

List ways in which position information shall be passed to aircraft.

A

· As a well-known geographical position; or

· Magnetic track and distance to a significant point or enroute or approach navigation aid; or

· Bearing (using points of the compass) and distance from a known position; or

· Distance and direction from the centre line of an ATS route, or

· Distance to touchdown if the aircraft is on final approach.

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16
Q

Not including on identification, state the four circumstances when an aircraft provided with a radar service shall be advised of its position.

A

· When the pilot requests this information;

· When a pilot’s estimate differs significantly from the controller’s estimate based on the observed position;

· When the pilot is instructed to resume own navigation after vectoring if the current instructions had diverted the aircraft from a previously assigned route;

· Immediately before termination of ATS surveillance service if the aircraft is observed to deviate from its intended route.

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17
Q

Pilots should be informed of their aircraft position upon identification. List three exceptions to this rule:

A
  • Based on the pilot’s report of the aircraft position or within one nautical mile of the runway upon departure and the observed position on the situation display is consistent with the aircraft’s time of departure, or
  • By use of ADS-B aircraft identification, Mode S aircraft identification or assigned discrete SSR codes and the location of the observed position indication is consistent with the current flight plan of the aircraft; or
  • By transfer of identification
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18
Q

What phraseology would you use to establish whether an aircraft is intentionally squawking 7500 ?

A

“Call sign” CONFIRM SQUAWK SEVEN FIVE ZERO ZERO

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19
Q

What does a flight information service based on radar observations include?

A

· Traffic information, including traffic avoidance advice.

· Navigation assistance.

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20
Q

What do the following SSR codes stand for?
1200
1300
1400
1500

A

1200 - VFR Civil Aircraft other than gliders
1300 - Gliders and Balloons
1400 - VFR aircraft in GAA
1500 -Civil VHF Helicopters

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21
Q

What do the following SSR codes stand for?
2000

A

2000 - IFR outside controlled airspace or VFR within Auckland Oceanic FIR

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22
Q

What do the following SSR codes stand for?
6000 and 6500

A

6000 - Defense Fixed wing Aircraft
6500 - Defence VFR Helicopters

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23
Q

What do the following SSR codes stand for?
0111

A

0111 - Fire Suppression and Reconnaissance

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24
Q

PHRASEOLOGY: Termination of Radar Vectoring

A

RESUME OWN NAVIGATION (position of aircraft) (specific instructions);

RESUME OWN NAVIGATION [DIRECT] (significant point) [MAGNETIC TRACK (three digits) DISTANCE (number) KILOMETRES (or MILES)]

RESUME OWN NAVIGATION, TRACK IS GOOD FOR (significant point), (number) MILES TO RUN

The pilot should also be informed at the termination of radar vectoring that the reason for vectoring has now passed.

“(aircraft callsign) RADAR VECTORING COMPLETE, NOW CLEAR OF TRAFFIC, RESUME OWN NAVIGATION…”

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25
Q

Conditions for aircraft to be transferred to another sector without prior coordination provided that:

A

· The procedure is agreed and documented in LOA/LUO between the sectors involved, and

· Aircraft are separated by at least 5 NM, constant or increasing, and

· Transferred aircraft shall be instructed to report headings and/or speeds applicable on first contact to the next sector, and

· The transferring controller shall advise the accepting controller of any aircraft that will affect the release, and

· The accepting controller may turn the aircraft provided revised routing instructions will not infringe separation with aircraft known to be under the control of the transferring controller, and

· The accepting controller shall not climb arrivals or descend departures.

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26
Q

Before accepting identification by the turn method, the radar controller shall:

A

· Ensure that the degree of turn is 30° or more and that the new heading is maintained for sufficient time for the turn to be observed, and

· Verify that the movements of not more than one radar target correspond with those of the aircraft concerned.

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27
Q

The number of aircraft provided with the surveillance services shall not exceed that which can be safely handled by a controller. State the factors the controller should take into account.

A

· Complexity of the control area

· Functions to be performed within the control area

· Assessments of controller workloads and sector capability;

· Limitations in radar coverage;

· Degree of technical reliability and availability of the main and back-up communication, navigation, and surveillance systems, both in the aircraft and on the ground

· Possibility of a radar equipment failure or other emergency that would eventually require reverting to back-up facilities and/or non-radar separation.

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28
Q

What letter must appear in field 10 (equipment) of a flight plan to indicate a flight is certified for RVSM operations?

A

W

29
Q

What is the phraseology to ascertain the RVSM approval status of an aircraft?

A

“Call sign” confirm RVSM approved

30
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Mode C derived level information shall not be verified while an aircraft is in the transition layer.

A

TRUE

31
Q

Determination of Level Occupancy: Vacated a Level

A

MORE than 300 FT (400Ft)

32
Q

What should you inform , the pilot when commencing vectoring?

A

Reason for vectoring

33
Q

Radar vectoring shall not be terminated until the aircraft is established under own navigation and:

A

· In accordance with the provisions of RAC 3 Direct Routing, proceeding direct to a navigation aid or fix; or join a promulgated track or procedure; or

· Has reported established on the final approach track of an instrument approach procedure; or

· Has been cleared for a visual approach.

34
Q

In the event of a complete radar failure, the radar controller shall advise all aircraft concerned and, in conjunction with the non-radar controller and/or adjacent control positions/sectors/units make every effort to:

A
  1. Establish non-radar separation, and
  2. Ensure that terrain clearance is maintained, and
  3. Establish aircraft under their own navigation, and
  4. Limit or prohibit aircraft entering the sector
35
Q

When can an IFR aircraft descend below the published profile of the STAR?

A

ATC may instruct an aircraft to descend below the published profile on a STAR in accordance with the radar terrain contour map. While complying with this instruction, the pilot-in-command is required to maintain lateral tracking.

“ANZ446 CONTINUE TRACKING VIA STAR, DESCEND TO….. (ft), RADAR TERRAIN (reason).”

36
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft follwing a Super (J)

A

Heavy 6 NM

Medium 7 NM

Light 8 NM

37
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft following a Heavy (H)

A

Heavy 4 NM

Medium 5 NM

Light 6 NM

38
Q

What are the minimum distances for aircraft following a Medium (M)

A

Light 5 NM

39
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Mode C-derived level information needs to be verified prior to being used for separation purposes.

A

TRUE

40
Q

What speeds will a pilot give:

AT OR ABOVE FL 250

BELOW FL 250

A

AT OR ABOVE FL 250 - Mach

BELOW FL 250 - IAS

41
Q

Who is responsible for terrain when vectoring aircraft?

A

The Controller

42
Q

What does a pilot report to you regarding Mode C readout?

A

Pilots are required to report their level to the nearest hundred feet and the level information displayed to the controller needs to be checked against the level reported by the Pilot.

43
Q

Notwithstanding the foregoing, radar controllers are not required to pass traffic information concerning unknown aircraft when it can reasonably be assumed that the unknown aircraft is:

A

· Operating within and complying with the procedures appropriate to promulgated special use airspace; or

· Complying with circuit or other CTR procedures consistent with the application of sequencing or separation by aerodrome control. Nevertheless, radar controllers shall challenge twr controllers about unknown traffic whose position, altitude or movement appears inconsistent with normal procedures and on a conflicting flight path; or

· Operating outside the airspace concerned when the identified aircraft is operating within controlled airspace.

44
Q

List the separation minima for the provision of radar separation R50 and R20 between identified and unidentified flights on reciprocal tracks, including all provisos.

A

R50

R50 is applicable in airspace where radar coverage is provided by SSR only, between an identified aircraft and unidentified aircraft not yet in radar cover, when:

· The unidentified aircraft has an operable transponder, and

· The identified aircraft reaches separation level at least 50 NM prior to the point at which the unidentified aircraft is expected to be established under radar control, and

· The pilot of the inbound unidentified aircraft reports a position or estimate that confirms that the aircraft will not be in radar coverage prior to the identified aircraft reaching separation level.

Additionally, aircraft entering domestic airspace from Oceanic airspace must be RNAV equipped.

R20

R20 is applicable when:

· The identified aircraft reaches separation level at least 20 NM before the point at which the conflicting traffic is expected to be established under radar control.

This separation shall only be used in airspace where PSR coverage is available.

45
Q

What is the radar R5 separation between identified and unidentified flights on the same track including all provisos.

A

R5 is applicable when:

  • The following aircraft is identified, and
  • The leading aircraft which had been identified has since passed out of radar cover, and
  • The following aircraft can reach separation level at least 5 NM before the position at which the leading aircraft passed out of radar cover.
46
Q

What is a Significant Deviation from an ATC Clearance?

A

When an aircraft is outside the following limits:

  • 2 NM from nominal track beyond 30 NM from the departure or destination aerodrome.
  • 1 NM from nominal track within 30 NM from the departure or destination aerodrome.
  • 6 degrees from a VOR, VORTAC or TACAN
  • 10 degrees from an NDB.
47
Q

Information regarding traffic on a conflicting path should be given, whenever practicable, in the following form:

A
  • Relative bearing of the conflicting traffic in terms of the 12-hour clock
  • Distance from the conflicting traffic in NM
  • Direction in which the conflicting traffic appears to be proceeding;
  • Level and type of aircraft or , if unknown, relative speed of the conflicting traffic, e.g. slow or fast.

State if the pressure altitude derived information is unverified.

48
Q

How close to the edge of controlled airspace are you permitted to take an aircraft while being radar vectored?

A

An aircraft receiving vectoring shall be contained within controlled airspace by at least 2 NM from the lateral boundaries and at least 500 feet above the lower limit

49
Q

What are the provisos that must be met for the application of visual separation beyond the vicinity of the aerodrome?

A

In class C and D airspaces, vertical or horizontal separation standards may be reduced by an approach or area controller applying visual separation during the hours of daylight provided that:

  • a specific request is made by a pilot, and
  • each aircraft is under the control of the same operating position, or physically adjacent operating positions, provided both controllers agree, and
  • there is no possibility of incorrect identification.
50
Q

When do you assume responsibility after an RA?

A

Once the pilot advises “clear of conflict” the controller shall make every endeavour to restore separation and ATC responsibility resumes when this has been achieved.

51
Q

When a pilot reports “Minimum fuel” , what are the controller’s responsibilities?

A

The controller shall inform the pilot as soon as practicable of any anticipated delays or that no delays are expected.

“ROGER MINIMUM FUEL (NO DELAY EXPECTED or EXPECT delay inoformation)”.

52
Q

List four means a controller may use to provide separation before initiating a non radar system.

A
  • Hold departures;
  • Cancel descent instructions, making use of aids for holding until a non-radar approach sequence can be established;
  • As an emergency measure, use of levels spaced by half the applicable vertical separation minimum may be resorted to until standard separation can be adopted;
  • When emergency separation is applied the pilots concerned shall be advised that emergency separation is being applied and informed of the actual minimum used. Additionally, all pilots concerned shall be provided with essential traffic information.
  • Aircraft operating at or above 13,000ft (FL160 in the Mount Cook Raised Transition Area) can be held at any VOR/DME fix provided that horizontal separation is not infringed;
  • Notwithstanding the rules for the particular controlled airspace, aircraft operating in VMC may be instructed to climb or descend maintaining their own separation in VMC
53
Q

Who will ACAS provide alerts on?

A

Nearby aircraft equipped with transponders that reply to Mode A, C or S interrogations.

54
Q

What are the (three) types of airspeed restrictions?

A

Airspace speed restrictions,

ATC speed restrictions, &

Procedural speed restrictions

55
Q

Useful Figures: Speed Calculations

A

· Between FL 240 and FL 370 10kts IAS » 15kts TAS

· Above FL 390 10kts IAS » 20kts TAS

· Above FL 240 M.01 » 6kts TAS

56
Q

When using visual separation beyond the vicinity of the aerodrome for IFR aircraft in class C and D airspace, what must the pilots ensure?

A
  • both flights remain in VMC, and
  • each aircraft is continuously visible to the pilot of the other aircraft concerned and both pilots concur with the application of visual separation; or
  • the pilot of a succeeding aircraft reports having the preceding aircraft in sight, and can maintain visual separation.
57
Q

“NO ATC SPEED RESTRICTIONS” shall be used when advising an aircraft that there is no requirement to comply with the following published ATC speed requirements.

A

· Max 250 kts IAS below 10,000 ft within 30 NM of AA, WN and CH; and

· ATC speed requirements on STAR charts; and

· Speed requirements on an instrument approach.

58
Q

Speed control for an aircraft on visual approach shall not be applied once the aircraft has passed ____ NM from touchdown.

A

4 NM
(instrument approach is 5 NM)

59
Q

When is distance based wake turbulence applied?

A

To all aircraft being provided with an ATS surveillance service in all phases of flight when:

  • An aircraft is operating directly behind another aircraft at the same level or less than 1000 ft below; or
  • An aircraft is crossing behind another aircraft at the same level or less than 1000 ft below; or
  • Both aircraft are using the same runway, or parallel runways separated by less than 760 m.
60
Q

What are the pilot’s considerations for adherence to speed control?

A

The flight crew shall inform the ATC unit concerned if at any time they are unable to comply with a speed instruction.

In such cases, the controller shall apply an alternative method to achieve the desired spacing between the aircraft concerned.

61
Q

Who does essential traffic relate to?

A

Any controlled flights that are separated by less than the specified horizontal or vertical separation minimum, and includes flights that are maintaining own separation in VMC

62
Q

When are radar controllers not required to pass traffic information on unknown aircraft?

A

When it can be reasonably assumed that the unknown aircraft is:

  • Operating within and complying with the procedures appropriate to promulgated special use airspace; or
  • Operating outside the airspace concerned when the identified aircraft is operating within controlled airspace.
63
Q

When is an unknown aircraft considered to be on a conflicting path?

A

When, in the opinion of the controller, projection of the tracks would reduce the distance between the aircraft to less than 3 NM.

64
Q

What are methods of secondary radar identification?

A
  • Recognition of the aircraft identification in an SSR and/or MLAT label/datablock; or
  • Recognition of an assigned discrete code, the setting of which has been verified, in an SSR and/or MLAT label/datablock, and
  • Direct recognition of the aircraft identification of a Mode S-equipped aircraft in an SSR and/or MLAT label;
  • Transfer of identification; or
  • Observation of compliance with an instruction to set a specific code; or
  • Observation of compliance with an instruction to “SQUAWK IDENT”.
  • Any primary radar method of identification.
65
Q

Verification of Mode C

A

The first radar sector shall verify the accuracy of Mode-C derived level information after departure, on entry into radar coverage or on initial RTF contact by comparison with a pilot reported level.

66
Q

Verification of Level: Maintaining a level

A

+/- 200 FT

67
Q

Verification of level: Two Aircrafts, one climbing and another descending

A

In NZ when an aircraft is climbing and another is descending, the aircraft are considered to be vertically separated when the SSR Mode C-derived level information indicates a difference in level of more than the applicable separation minimum plus 600 feet after the levels have crossed.

68
Q

Methods for Transfer of Identification

A

· Designation of RPS by automated means

· Notification of discrete SSR code or aircraft address

· Physically pointing to the RPS

· Bearing and Distance information

· SSR code change

· Squawk IDENT

69
Q

Pilot Phraseology when they get an RA and Controller response

A

Pilot: “TCAS RA”
ATC: “Roger”

054 Area Control Surveillance (4 decks)

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