Exam

Question 1

Functions and characteristics of blood

Answer 1

• Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and
  tissues.
• Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
• Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
• Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver,
  which filter and clean the blood.
• Regulating body temperature.

Question 2

Arteries/Veins/Capillaries

Answer 2

There are three types of blood vessels:

Arteries carry blood away from your heart.

Veins carry blood back toward your heart.

Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.

Question 3

Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation Systems

Answer 3

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Systemic circulation then moves the blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 4

Deoxygenated vs. Oxygenated Blood

Answer 4

Oxygenated blood refers to the blood that has been exposed to oxygen in the lungs.
(The oxygenated blood is also called arterial blood.)

Deoxygenated blood refers to the blood that has a low oxygen saturation relative to blood leaving the lungs.

Question 5

Chambers of the Heart

Answer 5

The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood.

The lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump blood out of the heart.

The heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are gates at the chamber openings.

Question 6

Layers of the Heart

Answer 6

Three layers of tissue form the heart wall. The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium.

Question 7

Valves of the Heart

Answer 7

The four heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are the mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic valves. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once per heartbeat.

Two of the valves, the mitral and the tricuspid valves, move blood from the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) to the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles).

The other two valves, the aortic and pulmonary valves, move blood to the lungs and the rest of the body through the ventricles.

Question 8

Blood Pressure

Answer 8

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps blood

If your blood pressure is high, it means your heart is working too hard and the force of the blood flowing through your vessels is too high.

Question 9

Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 9

Your lungs are part of the respiratory system, a group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe. The respiratory system’s main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.

Question 10

Conducting and Respiratory Zones

Answer 10

The conducting zone, which includes everything from the nose to the smallest bronchioles, moves air into and out of the lungs.

The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli and moves the respiratory gases, that is oxygen and carbon dioxide, in and out of the blood.

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

Any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.

Question 12

Breakdown of Lungs (lobes)

Answer 12

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures. Both lungs have oblique fissure and the right is further divided by a transverse fissure. The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior and the inferior lobe. The oblique and horizontal fissure divides the lungs into superior, middle and inferior lobes.

Each lobe receives air from its own branch of the bronchial tree, called lobar (or secondary) bronchi. Within the lungs, these bronchi are divided into smaller tubes.

Question 13

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 13

Section of the brain stem that controls all autonomic bodily activities, such as breathing and your heartbeat.

Question 14

Diaphragm

Answer 14

The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.

Question 15

Boyle’s Law

Answer 15

P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume values, and P2 and V2 are the values of the pressure and volume of the gas after change.

Boyle’s law states that volume and pressure are negatively correlated, meaning smol volume, BIG pressure. BIG volume, smol pressure.

Question 16

Inhale/Exhale

Answer 16

To inhale is to breathe in. It is the opposite of “exhale,” which is to breathe out. When we inhale, we draw air into our lungs through our noses and mouths. Then we exhale, or breathe the air out again.

Question 17

Pneumonia

Answer 17

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames your lungs’ air sacs (alveoli). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing.

Question 18

Asthma

Answer 18

Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath.

Question 19

Tuberculosis

Answer 19

Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.