Exam - Evolution/Biodiversity

Question 0

Paradigm shifts in evolution

Answer 0

Catastrophism: geological phenomenon caused by large flood

Gradualism/deep time: processes took time. Earth is much older

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Branch of biology concerned with classifying all living things.

Question 2

Modern Synthesis

Answer 2

Current paradigm in biology that explains evolution through natural selection, combining genetics with Darwin’s discoveries

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Change from one species to another

Question 4

Microevolution

Answer 4

Change within a species

Question 5

Locus

Answer 5

Place where gene is located on a chromosome

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

One of two or more forms of a gene; “Flavors”. They’re either dominant or recessive

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

Genetic makeup of an organism; collection of alleles found at gene loci on a chromosome

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

Manifestation of genotype in organism; visual equivalent

Question 9

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 9

If the 5 criteria are achieved then no evolution occurs:

• very large population
• population isolated from others
• no mutations
• random mating
• no natural selection

Question 10

Genetic drift

Answer 10

Violation of large population; change in allele frequency occurs due to chance.

Aka founder effect/bottleneck effect

Question 11

Gene flow

Answer 11

Violation of isolated population; animals interbreed and reduce genetic differences

Question 12

3 ways sexual reproduction causes variation

Answer 12

Independent assortment: chromosomes can separate in many ways to form gametes

Crossing over: before splitting, chromosomes exchange DNA at places called chiasmata

Random joining of gametes

Question 13

Diploidy

Answer 13

Important for preserving variation because it hides recessive alleles that can be expressed later

Question 14

Haploid organisms

Answer 14

They don’t have homologous chromosomes and therefore its population doesn’t preserve variation well

Question 15

Balanced polymorphism

Answer 15

Maintenance of different phenotypes in a population, usually because the superior heterozygotes keep the two alleles in equilibrium

See also: hybrid vigor, frequency dependent selection

Question 16

Stabilizing selection

Answer 16

Two extremes of a trait are selected against; a population moved towards the middle of the spectrum

Question 17

Diversifying/disruptive selection

Answer 17

Population selects against individuals in middle of trait distribution

Question 18

Directional selection

Answer 18

A population selects against one extreme and moves towards the other extreme for the trait

Question 19

Species

Answer 19

Contains members who cannot produce fertile offspring with members of other species

Question 20

Allopatric speciation

Answer 20

Physical barriers separate two groups of animals causing a divergence

Question 21

Sympatric speciation

Answer 21

Plant-related speciation in the same area. Arises due to:

Autopolyploidy: chromosomes don’t separate, which causes offspring to have too many. Interbreeding can no longer happen

Allopolyploidy: occurs when 2 different species contribute to a polyploid hybrid

Question 22

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 22

A model that says dramatic environmental change will produce new species very quickly, as opposed to Darwinian gradualism

Question 23

Phylogeny

Answer 23

The evolutionary history of a species; the ultimate family tree

Can be traced with fossil record, radiometric dating, and molecular data

Influenced by comet impacts/plate tectonics

Question 24

Ingredients for life

Answer 24

Organic molecules Cell Time RNA/DNA

Question 25

RNA

Answer 25

First molecule capable of reproducing and carrying genetic information because: Simpler (single stranded) Able to self replicate Able to catalyze reactions (called a ribozyme)

Question 26

History of classification

Answer 26

Two kingdom system: Plants Animals ``` Five kingdom system: Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia ``` ``` 8 kingdom system: Bacteria Archaea 3 different Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia ``` Three domain system: Domain bacteria Domain archaea Domain eukarya (other 8 kingdoms)

Question 27

Prokaryotes

Answer 27

Includes all bacteria ``` Has no nucleus No organelles Genetic material: circular DNA/plasmids (collectively nucleoid) Have cell walls (unique) Cell membrane Capsule (protection/stickiness) ``` Moves using flagella - Chemotaxis - phototaxis - magnetotaxis

Question 28

Eukaryotes

Answer 28

``` Has a nucleus Organelles Linear DNA Much more DNA than prokaryotes Much much bigger ```

Question 29

Taxis

Answer 29

Movement towards or away from a stimulus

Question 30

Prokaryote reproduction

Answer 30

They can mix genetic material by: Transformation: absorb material floating in environment Conjugation: transfer DNA through tubes or pilli Transduction: transferred between bacterium by a virus

Question 31

Obtaining carbon/energy

Answer 31

Phototrophs: get energy from light Chemotrophs: get energy from chemicals Autotrophs: gets carbon from CO2 Heterotrophs: gets carbon not from CO2

Question 32

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 32

Prokaryotes take unusable N2 and convert it to usable NH3

Question 33

Cyanobacteria

Answer 33

Responsible for creating an oxygen rich atmosphere

Question 34

Serial endosymbiosis

Answer 34

A process that gave rise to eukaryotes with organelles. Prokaryotes invaded eukaryotes several times and developed a symbiotic relationship - mitochondria came from an aerobic heterotroph - photoautotrophs evolved to become chloroplast

Question 35

Plant life cycle

Answer 35

Gametophyte (n) | Sporophyte (2n)

Question 36

Evolution of plants

Answer 36

``` Charophytes -> origin of plants Bryophytes -> early vascular plants Seedless vascular plants -> first seed plants Gymnosperms -> radiation of flowering plants -> angiosperms ```

Question 37

Evolution of animals

Answer 37

Parazoan/eumetazoan branch: animals without/with true tissue Bilateral/radial symmetry branch: bilaterally continue evolving Coelom branch: presence or absence of body cavity in mesoderm (aceolomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates) Protostomes/deuterostomes branch: protostomes have spiral cleavage, are schizocoelous, mouth from blastopore Deuterostomes have radial cleavage, are enterocoelous, and anus develops from blastopore

Question 38

Cephalization

Answer 38

Concentration of nervous tissue in head region

Question 39

Types of fungi

Answer 39

Saprobic fungi: absorb nutrients from dead things Parasitic fungi: absorb from living host cells Mutualistic fungi: absorb from host while helping

Question 40

Kingdom Protista

Answer 40

Contains organisms who are only similar in that they're eukaryotes (no common ancestor) Nutrition: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs (most common), mixotrophs (both)