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Biology Final Exam > Exam - Evolution/Biodiversity > Flashcards

Exam - Evolution/Biodiversity Flashcards

0
Q

Paradigm shifts in evolution

A

Catastrophism: geological phenomenon caused by large flood

Gradualism/deep time: processes took time. Earth is much older

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1
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology concerned with classifying all living things.

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2
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

Current paradigm in biology that explains evolution through natural selection, combining genetics with Darwin’s discoveries

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

Change from one species to another

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4
Q

Microevolution

A

Change within a species

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5
Q

Locus

A

Place where gene is located on a chromosome

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6
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more forms of a gene; “Flavors”. They’re either dominant or recessive

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7
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism; collection of alleles found at gene loci on a chromosome

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

Manifestation of genotype in organism; visual equivalent

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9
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

If the 5 criteria are achieved then no evolution occurs:

  • very large population
  • population isolated from others
  • no mutations
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

Violation of large population; change in allele frequency occurs due to chance.

Aka founder effect/bottleneck effect

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11
Q

Gene flow

A

Violation of isolated population; animals interbreed and reduce genetic differences

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12
Q

3 ways sexual reproduction causes variation

A

Independent assortment: chromosomes can separate in many ways to form gametes

Crossing over: before splitting, chromosomes exchange DNA at places called chiasmata

Random joining of gametes

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13
Q

Diploidy

A

Important for preserving variation because it hides recessive alleles that can be expressed later

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14
Q

Haploid organisms

A

They don’t have homologous chromosomes and therefore its population doesn’t preserve variation well

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15
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Maintenance of different phenotypes in a population, usually because the superior heterozygotes keep the two alleles in equilibrium

See also: hybrid vigor, frequency dependent selection

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16
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Two extremes of a trait are selected against; a population moved towards the middle of the spectrum

17
Q

Diversifying/disruptive selection

A

Population selects against individuals in middle of trait distribution

18
Q

Directional selection

A

A population selects against one extreme and moves towards the other extreme for the trait

19
Q

Species

A

Contains members who cannot produce fertile offspring with members of other species

20
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Physical barriers separate two groups of animals causing a divergence

21
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Plant-related speciation in the same area. Arises due to:

Autopolyploidy: chromosomes don’t separate, which causes offspring to have too many. Interbreeding can no longer happen

Allopolyploidy: occurs when 2 different species contribute to a polyploid hybrid

22
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

A model that says dramatic environmental change will produce new species very quickly, as opposed to Darwinian gradualism

23
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species; the ultimate family tree

Can be traced with fossil record, radiometric dating, and molecular data

Influenced by comet impacts/plate tectonics

24
Q

Ingredients for life

A

Organic molecules

Cell

Time

RNA/DNA

25
Q

RNA

A

First molecule capable of reproducing and carrying genetic information because:

Simpler (single stranded)

Able to self replicate

Able to catalyze reactions (called a ribozyme)

26
Q

History of classification

A

Two kingdom system:
Plants
Animals

Five kingdom system:
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
8 kingdom system:
Bacteria
Archaea
3 different Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

Three domain system:

Domain bacteria
Domain archaea
Domain eukarya (other 8 kingdoms)

27
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Includes all bacteria

Has no nucleus
No organelles
Genetic material: circular DNA/plasmids (collectively nucleoid)
Have cell walls (unique)
Cell membrane
Capsule (protection/stickiness)

Moves using flagella

  • Chemotaxis
  • phototaxis
  • magnetotaxis
28
Q

Eukaryotes

A 
Has a nucleus
Organelles
Linear DNA
Much more DNA than prokaryotes
Much much bigger
29
Q

Taxis

A

Movement towards or away from a stimulus

30
Q

Prokaryote reproduction

A

They can mix genetic material by:

Transformation: absorb material floating in environment

Conjugation: transfer DNA through tubes or pilli

Transduction: transferred between bacterium by a virus

31
Q

Obtaining carbon/energy

A

Phototrophs: get energy from light
Chemotrophs: get energy from chemicals
Autotrophs: gets carbon from CO2
Heterotrophs: gets carbon not from CO2

32
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Prokaryotes take unusable N2 and convert it to usable NH3

33
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Responsible for creating an oxygen rich atmosphere

34
Q

Serial endosymbiosis

A

A process that gave rise to eukaryotes with organelles. Prokaryotes invaded eukaryotes several times and developed a symbiotic relationship

  • mitochondria came from an aerobic heterotroph
  • photoautotrophs evolved to become chloroplast
35
Q

Plant life cycle

A

Gametophyte (n)

Sporophyte (2n)

36
Q

Evolution of plants

A 
Charophytes
-> origin of plants
Bryophytes
-> early vascular plants
Seedless vascular plants
-> first seed plants
Gymnosperms
-> radiation of flowering plants
-> angiosperms
37
Q

Evolution of animals

A

Parazoan/eumetazoan branch: animals without/with true tissue

Bilateral/radial symmetry branch: bilaterally continue evolving

Coelom branch: presence or absence of body cavity in mesoderm (aceolomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates)

Protostomes/deuterostomes branch:

protostomes have spiral cleavage, are schizocoelous, mouth from blastopore

Deuterostomes have radial cleavage, are enterocoelous, and anus develops from blastopore

38
Q

Cephalization

A

Concentration of nervous tissue in head region

39
Q

Types of fungi

A

Saprobic fungi: absorb nutrients from dead things

Parasitic fungi: absorb from living host cells

Mutualistic fungi: absorb from host while helping

40
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Contains organisms who are only similar in that they’re eukaryotes (no common ancestor)

Nutrition: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs (most common), mixotrophs (both)

Biology Final Exam (11 decks)

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