Biochemistry

Question 0

Condensation/dehydration reaction

Answer 0

The act by which water is lost in order to make polymers

Question 1

6 functional groups

Answer 1

Hydroxyl: makes alcohols

Carbonyl: can be aldehyde (group at end) or ketone (group in middle)

Carboxyl: makes compound acidic

Amino: found at end of all amino acids

Sulfhydryl: important in protein structure

Phosphate: anion

These are all found at the end of carbon chains

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Can have 3-7 carbons

Used for energy storage or structure

Mono/di/poly saccharides

Triose sugar: 3 carbon skeleton
Pentose sugar: 5 CS
Hexose sugar: 6 CS

Take ring form in water

Question 3

OH configuration on glucose

Answer 3

Alpha: OH is down, consumable by humans, forms starch or glycogen

Beta: OH is up, not consumable by humans, forms cellulose

Question 4

Cellulose

Answer 4

Linear

Beta linkage

Joined to other polymers by hydrogen bonds

Main structural component of plants

Humans can’t digest it

Question 5

Starch

Answer 5

Main form of energy storage in plants

Alpha linkage

Branched

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Main energy storage in animals

Highly branched

Alpha linkage

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

Any molecule that is non-polar and isn’t soluble in water

Doesn’t form polymers

Energy storage (fats/oils)
Structural (membranes/waxes)
Chemical messengers (steroids, based on cholesterol)

Question 8

Fats

Answer 8

Also called a triglyceride due to its chemical shape

Made of glycerol molecule (3 carbon chain alcohol) and fatty acid (long carbon skeleton and carboxyl at end)

Question 9

Saturated/unsaturated fats

Answer 9

Saturated: saturated with hydrogen atoms, solid at room temp, single bonds

Unsaturated: not saturated with hydrogen, single or double bonds, liquid at room temp.

Question 10

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 10

Creates part of the cell membrane for all cells

Basically a triglyceride with a phosphate group attached to 3rd carbon in glycerol

Question 11

Nucleic acids

Answer 11

Stores genetic code (DNA)
Translates code into proteins (RNA)

Made of pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 12

Pentose sugar

Answer 12

Part of nucleic acids

In ribose/RNA, there is an OH hydroxyl group on carbon 2

In deoxyribose, there is no oxygen on C2

Question 13

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 13

Two types:

Pyrimidines are two ringed structure and contain cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purines are one ringed and contain adenine and guanine

Question 14

Functions of proteins

Answer 14

Structural support (spider silk)

Storage of amino acids (egg white)

Transport of substances (hemoglobin in blood)

Hormones (insulin)

Enzymes

Receptors of signaling (at membrane)

Question 15

Amino acid

Answer 15

Building block of proteins

Have a central carbon surrounded by:

Amino group (NH^2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Hydrogen
“R” group (makes it unique)

Question 16

Types of r groups

Answer 16

Distinct parts of amino acids

Can be polar, non polar, or electrically charged

Question 17

Peptide bond

Answer 17

Result of dehydration synthesis when two amino acids pair together to form a protein/polypeptide

Question 18

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 18

The unique sequence of amino acids

Question 19

Hydrogen bond

Answer 19

Occurs when hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 20

Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 20

Simple folding of protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups

Results in alpha helix (coil) or beta pleated sheet

Question 21

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 21

3D folding due to r group interactions

Hydrophobic: non polar r groups
Van der waals: weaker forces, non polar
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds: formed in part of molecule exposed to water
Disulfide bridges: cysteine, very strong covalent bond

Question 22

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 22

Two or more polypeptides linked together