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Human Anatomy 2 - BIO242 > Exam Chp 18,19,20 > Flashcards

Exam Chp 18,19,20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of blood? CPRWP

A

-connective tissue
-plasma,
-formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

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2
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood? C pH 7BW

A

-sticky with a metallic taste
-varies in color with O2 levels,
-pH of 7.35-7.45
-7% of body weight (5-6L in males, 4-5L in females).

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3
Q

What are the primary functions of blood? T RPh SI DT SBT

A

-transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste
-regulates pH
-helps sites of injury
-defends against toxins
-stabilizes body temperature

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4
Q

What is blood plasma composed of? W PP L 6A

A

-92% water
-plasma proteins (7%)
-produced mostly by the liver
-60% albumin

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5
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

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6
Q

What are the functions of RBCs? SB BM ResG

A

-survive in the bloodstream
-originate in bone marrow, -transport respiratory gases

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7
Q

What are the functions of WBCs? DD RT

A

-defend against disease
-remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of RBCs (Erythrocytes)? LS HG UM PMP ROU

A

-biconcave
-lifespan of 120 days
-filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
-2.5um to 7.5um
-plasma membrane protein -form rouleaux

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9
Q

What is hematocrit? %RBC

A

% by volume of red blood cells in your blood.

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10
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

globin
4 polypeptide chains
two alpha and two beta
heme (pigment bonded to each globin chain)

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11
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin? OL DT COT

A

-loads O2 in the lungs (oxyhemoglobin)
-unloads O2 in tissues (deoxyhemoglobin)
-loads CO2 in tissues (carbaminohemoglobin)

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12
Q

What are the consequences of genetic variations of the hemoglobin molecule?

A

sickle cell anemia
abnormally shaped RBCs
clump together
blocking blood flow in small vessels
causing severe pain

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

the process of producing red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow

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14
Q

How is red blood cell production regulated? HC I AA VB

A

hormonal controls and adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and Vitamin B

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15
Q

What are the dietary requirements for adequate RBC production?

A

Lots of iron
Vitamin B12

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16
Q

How are aged or damaged red blood cells recycled?

A
  • kidney and liver release erythropoietin
  • stimulates red bone marrow
    erythropoiesis
    -increasing RBC count
17
Q

What are the various types of WBCs?

A

-neutrophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
-eosinophils
-basophils.

18
Q

What are the structures and functions of neutrophils? MA DN 1stAI ATP

A

-most abundant WBCs
- dense, segmented nucleus
-first to arrive at the site of injury
-specializing in attacking pathogens

19
Q

What are the structures and functions of eosinophils? 2/4 BI AT AB AR

A

-2-4% of WBCs
-bi-lobed nucleus
- primarily attack via exocytosis of toxic compounds
-engulf antibody-coated bacteria
-increase in number during allergic reactions

20
Q

What are the structures and functions of basophils? LA DSN DHHI RChemEB

A

-least abundant WBCs
-darkly stained obscure nucleus
-discharging histamine and heparin at sites of injury
- releasing chemicals that attract eosinophils & basophils.

21
Q

What are the structures and functions of monocytes? 2/8 OKS MT CAV

A

-2-8% of WBCs
-large oval kidney-shaped nucleus
-become macrophages in tissues
-crucial against viruses, bacterial parasites, chronic infections.

22
Q

What are the structures and functions of lymphocytes? 2040 SLR MIOB 3C

A

-20-40% of WBCs
-slightly larger than RBCs
-large round nucleus
-migrate in and out of the bloodstream and tissues
-T-Cells, B-Cells, and NK cells.

23
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes? N/B E/AA B/HSI

A

neutrophils (fight bacterial infections)
eosinophils (allergic reactions and asthma)
basophils (hypersensitivity inflammation)

24
Q

Which WBCs are NOT granulocytes? LY MO

A

Lymphocytes
monocytes

25
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

process of producing new blood cells

26
Q

What are platelets? FMEGA MC 10D

A

fragments of megakaryocytes, 150,000-500,000 per microliter of blood
degenerate in about 10 days.

27
Q

Where do platelets come from? SC

A

Stem cells

28
Q

What are the major functions of platelets? SB

A

help stop bleeding by forming clots at the site of damaged blood vessels

29
Q

What is hemostasis? SB CF PIT

A

-fast series of reactions to stop bleeding
-requiring clotting factors
-released by platelets and injured tissues.

30
Q

What happens in each stage of hemostasis? VS PP C

A

-vascular spasm
-platelet plug formation
-coagulation (blood clotting)

31
Q

Why is each hemostasis stage necessary? TEAM SD

A

Each stage works together as a system to effectively seal damaged blood vessels.

32
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic paths of coagulation?

A

The intrinsic path is triggered by internal damage to blood vessel walls, while the extrinsic path is triggered by external trauma or injury to the skin.

33
Q

How important are the clotting factors?

A

stopping bleeding by forming clots at the injury site

34
Q

Are there any dietary factors required for proper blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

35
Q
A

Adrenal Gland

36
Q
A

Parathyroid gland embedded in thyroid gland

37
Q
A

Thyroid gland. The follicles are a bit irregularly shaped, but they are still thyroid follicles

Human Anatomy 2 - BIO242 (4 decks)

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