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Human Anatomy 2 - BIO242 > Exam 1 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How are endocrine glands different from exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands =
known as ductless glands
release directly into bloodstream or neighboring cells

Exocrine gland =
release into lumens travels through ducts
NOT the bloodstream.

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2
Q

Define what a hormone is…

A

intercellular signal that effects the activity of a/group cell(s)

Often rimes released into circulation, but not always

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3
Q

How are the blood levels (plasma levels) of hormones regulated?

A

by different feedback mechanisms/of some kind

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4
Q

What type/s of feedback mechanism/s play a role in this?

A

Negative- feedback shuts down or slows release of hormones
Positive - feedback promotes or increases amount of hormone

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5
Q

What is the function of the positive feedback system? Examples?

A

promotes or increases the release of a hormone.
Ex: Childbirth

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6
Q

What is the function of the negative feedback system? Examples?

A

leads to decrease in production of hormones, less in the bloodstream
Ex: Parathyroid gland/sweating

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7
Q

What types of stimuli (things) can trigger the release or inhibit hormones in the body?

A

hormones triggering other hormones
blood concentrations of substances
neuronal stimulation of an endocrine

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8
Q

What are the 3 different major groups of hormones? (APL)

A

Amino Acid Derivatives
Peptide
Lipid Derivatives

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9
Q

What are the different types of Eicosanoids? (LPTP)

A

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclins

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10
Q

Cholesterol is needed for which type/s of hormone production?

Sources of cholesterol?

A

steroid/sex hormone
Liver and diet

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11
Q

What family of enzymes play an important role for lipid/steroid hormone production?

A

P450c

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12
Q

What are the different types of intercellular signaling systems?(APEN)

A

AUTOocrine action
PARAcrine action
ENDocrine
NEUROendocrine

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13
Q

Define autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, neuroendocrine and pheromone types of cell signaling.

A

autocrine - AUTO means self cell produce and comes back to it’s self

paracrine - cell goes to neighing cells

endocrine - 3 cells travel thru bloodstream, far away cells

neuroendocrine - releasing a chemical signal, goes into the bloodstream

pheromone - organism release a chemical signal noticed by other organism

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14
Q

The pituitary is divided into what three major regions?

A

Posterior
Pars Intermedia
Anterior

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15
Q

In the pituitary how are the posterior and anterior regions different?

A

posterior - nervous tissue
anterior - no nervous tissue, no blood vessels (roof of your mouth)

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16
Q

Which pituitary part/s uses the portal system?

A

pituitary stock
anterior pituitary

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17
Q

There are 3 ways that the hypothalamus affects (modulates) endocrine function, they are? (RHD)

A

1 regulatory hormones sent to anterior pituitary
2 hypothalamic pituitary portal system
3 direct neurostimulation

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18
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary?

Are they both controlled in the same fashion?

A

hypothamamic pituitary portal system

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19
Q

What do hormones travel through from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary?

A

releasing hormones travel through hypothalamic pituitary portal system

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20
Q

From what structures in the brain are releasing hormones released from?
What kind of cell produces them?

A

Hypothalamus and hypothalamic nerve cell

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21
Q

From what structures in the brain are stimulating hormones released from?

A

anterior pituitary region

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22
Q

What are the target tissues of these releasing and stimulating hormones? (APEC)

A

anterior pituitary endocrine cells

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23
Q

What does SON stand for?

A

Supra - optic - nuclei

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24
Q

What does PVN stand for?

A

Para - ventricular - nuclei

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25
Q

Which types of hormones are water soluble and which types are lipid soluble?

A

water soluble - amino acid & peptide
lipid soluble - Lipid derivative & steriods

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26
Q

Which types of hormones need to bind to receptors ON a cell’s membrane – think of what they are made from (of) and not how they behave…

A

amino acid & peptide

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27
Q

Which types of hormones bind to receptors IN the cell’s cytoplasm? – think of what they are made from (of) and not how they behave.

A

lipid derivative

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28
Q

What is the function of a binding protein?

A

changes its shape when bound to protein
opens the membrane channel allowing molecules to pass through

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29
Q

When a hormone (an intercellular signal) binds to a membrane bound receptor how does that lead to increases in intracellular levels of cAMP, IP3, DAG or Ca2+?

A

> GDP is replaced by GTP on G protein complex
G protien complex (alpha) activates
> attaches to adennylate cyclase
produces cAMP from ATP, cAMP activates PKA

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30
Q

How is cAMP different from AMP?

A

cAMP in the ring form is active and AMP is inactive

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31
Q

What is the function of the enzyme PDE?

A

converts cAMP into AMP
“off switch”

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32
Q

What is the significance of up and down-regulation?

A

Up - alot of receptors, more likely to attach
Down - less of receptors, less likey to attach

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33
Q

What things could cause a cell to over respond or under-respond to a hormonal signal?

A

Number or type of receptors
too many or not enough could also be the wrong receptors

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34
Q

What is the benefit of the cascade response/amplification of hormone signal?

A

Hormonal signal can be dramatically amplified

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35
Q

Where is the receptor located for water soluble hormones to bind with?

A

plasma membrane

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36
Q

Where is the receptor located for **lipid soluble **hormone to bind with?

A

cytoplasm

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37
Q

What are the 3 things that can happen when a chemical signal (hormone) binds to a membrane bound receptor? (PAD)

A

permeability

activate G protein

directly alter the activity in the cell.

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38
Q

What type of a receptor do lipid based hormones bind with and where is this receptor located?

A

INTREcellular receptor
Cytosol or Nucleus

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39
Q

What will lipid soluble hormone generally cause to happen?

A

cause the formation of new protein

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40
Q

Basically, what happens differently between hormones binding to a membrane bound receptor compared to hormones that binds to an intracellular receptor?

A

membrane bound receptor=
1) change permeability
2) activate G-Protein
3) directly alter activity of ennzymes in cell (on or off, no middle man)

INTRAcellular receptor=
complex is formed and can pass through nuclear pore. How the cells know to make more protein

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41
Q

What are the functions of ADH and Oxytocin?

A

ADH - antidiuretic
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction (uterus & memmary glands)

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42
Q

What organs/structures are the ADH and Oxtocin located?

A

ADH - kidneys
Oxytocin - uterus & memmary glands

43
Q

What part of the pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin?

  • What are the functions of each?
  • What triggers the release of each of these?
  • What are the target cells for each?
  • What type of feedback mechanism controls each?
A

posterior lobe pituitary

ADH: antidiuretic
oxytocin: smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary glands

stimuli from the nervous system SON & PVN

ADH = negative, targets kidney resorption of water

Oxytocin = positive, targets uterus, contractions childbirth, mammary glands eject milk

44
Q

An imbalance of GH can lead to what types of different conditions?

A

pituitary dwarfism
gigantism
acromegaly

45
Q

What are the different gonadotropin hormones? (LH) (FSH)

What specific gland releases them?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Ovaries - estrogen and progesterone

Testes - Testosterone

46
Q

Understand the pathway for the production of thyroid hormones.

1) How does iodine get into the follicle cells and the names for this pump?
2) What is the function of thyroid peroxidase?
3) Where are thyroid hormones assembled?
4) What is thyroglobulin and what is its role in thyroid production?

A

> iodide gets pumped into follicle cell from NIS pump

> that than helps bring iodine into the cell with higher concentration

> iodide is transferred into iodine, placed inside follicle cavity

> meanwhile off to the side, follicle cell is making thyroidgnobulin

> however many iodines are on the ring = T4 or T3

> all of this happening in follicle cavity and thyroid peroxidase putting the iodines and tie them together

47
Q

For T3 and T4 and which is the active form?

A

T3 = activated INTRA cellularly by DIO1 by taking off 1 iodide

48
Q

How is T3 different from T4?

A

T-3 is the active form
T4 needs to be converted to T3 to be used.

49
Q

How is thyroid hormone transported in the blood?

A

TBG - thyriod binding globulins

50
Q

What enzyme is used by cells to control the level of T3 within the cell?

A

iodothyroine deiodinase DIO1

51
Q

What is a goiter?
What thyroid condition/s leads to goiter?

A

Enlarged thyriod gland

HYPERthyrioidism & HYPOthyroidism

52
Q

Define hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. And what do these What do these terms refer to?

A

HYPOthyroidism = under producing level of T3. > Dietary I-intake, Hashimoto Disease

HYPERthyrioidism = higher than normal level of production of T3 T4. > Graves Disease

53
Q

What is Grave’s disease and how does it affect thyroid function and size?

What causes this disorder?

A

enlarged thyroid gland
causes hyperthyroidism
which means a higher than normal level of production of T3 T4

54
Q

What does TSI stand for and what is it?

A

TSI = Thyriod stimulation hormone
Triggers your thyriod to release hormones

55
Q

How are TSH and TSI similar?
How are they different?

A

Same Shape
TSH is thyrotropic stimulating hormone
TSI is antibody

56
Q

What does TSI cause to happen?

A

it competes for the receptor on thyriod gland, makes it bigger to meet demend of increase in stiumli.

57
Q

What does an insufficient supply of iodine in the diet cause to happen? What thyroid condition does this lead to?

A

Dietary I - Intake
HYPOthyroidism

58
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular Cells
C Cells

59
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce parathyroid hormone?

A

Cheif Cells
PTH

60
Q

What is the function of RANK-L?
What cells produce this?
What triggers these cells to produce this chemical signal?
Why are we using RANK-L and not just using PTH?

A

Increase its activity in the osteoclast
PTH
Low calcium Ion levels in blood
Osteoclast does not have PTH receptors

61
Q

Name the 2 different regions of the adrenal gland.

A

Cortex
Medulla

62
Q

What are the different “groups” of hormones which come from each zona of the adrenal cortex. (GMA)

A
  1. Glucocorticoids - cortisol (hydrocortisone) “stress hormone”
    - zona fasciculata
  2. Mineralcorticoids = aldosterone (kidney hormone)
    - zona glomerulosa
  3. Androgens
    - zona reticularis
63
Q

Name the cells that produce glucagon and the cells that produce insulin

A

Glucagon = Alpha
Insulin = Beta

64
Q

Name the hormones that can have an affect on food intake in a human.

A

Leptin
Ghrelin

65
Q

Do hormone levels remain the same throughout the day or does it vary?

A

vary!

66
Q

Name 3 different methods for collecting a hormone sample.

A

Blood
Urine
Salvia

67
Q

Which hormone specifically triggers the release of cortisol. And what would decrease the release of cortisol?

A

CRH
Sleep

68
Q

Define hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism.

A

hypercortisolism, because there is higher levels of cortisol

hypocortisolism, because there is lower levels of cortisol

69
Q

How is Primary Addison’s different from Secondary Addison’s disease?

A

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: the issue is with the adrenal cortex, it decrease of cortisol taking place from the cortex of adrenal gland. This will weaker negative feedback, which means there will be elevated levels of CRH and ACTH.

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: comes from the pituitary, lower than normal levels of ACTH, it decrease of cortisol taking place from the cortex of adrenal gland. This will weaker negative feedback,
These both lead to hypocortisolism, because there is lower levels of cortisol

70
Q

How is Cushing’s disease different from Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cushing Syndrome - CRH is the same, has lower levels of ACTH, but higher levels of cortisol. Because there is a stronger negative feedback and the tumor is located oil the cortex. Tumor is located in the cortex

Cushing Disease - CRH os the same, higher levels of cortisol and ACTH, Tumor is in the pituitary.
These both lead to hypercortisolism, because there is higher levels of cortisol

71
Q

What Gland is this?
Locate the
Anterior
Posterior
Intermedia

this gland has no follicles

A

Pituitary gland - has no follicles
anterior = no neurons, lots capillary beds
posterior = opposite, lots of axons, little capillaries
intermedia = in the middle

72
Q

What Gland is this?
Locate the
Follicle structure
Follicle cells/FOLLICULAR CELL
Colloid fluid
Parafollicular cells

A

Thyroid gland - thin cellular wall structure

Follicle structure - Little drops of oil, bunch of little circles

Follicle cells/FOLLICULAR CELL - The wall of the follicle, a row of little cells lined up around follicle, this is where the T3 T4 hormones are made

Colloid fluid - The main stuff inside the circles, all the materials in it

Parafollicular cells - Para means around, its when there is a group of cells, but not around a follicular. C Cell.

73
Q

What gland is this?
And where are the chief and oxyphil cells?

A

Parathyroid gland - This is a gland around the thyroid itself. There are 4 different parathyroid glands on the back of your thyroid gland. Two top, two lower.

Chief cells- Are very abundant, very close together, dark purple color,
Oxyphil cells - Fewer of them, twice the size of chief cells, and stain lightest white/red color.

74
Q

What gland is this?
And where are the
Cortex region
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medulla

A

Adrenal gland

Cortex region- Upper and lower section, its mirrored, like a folded sandwich

Zona glomerulosa- Circular ball pattern of organization, top layer of the cortex is this, just under the capsule

Zona fasciculata - The layer right under the glomerulosa, arranged in a column role like structure, lighter colored columns,

Zona reticularis - The bottom of all of this, and these are a darker color,

Medulla - This is a darker purple, in the middle of this “sandwich”

75
Q

What gland is this?
Where is Islet of Langerhans and Acini?

A

Pancreas

Islet of Langerhans - There are way fewer of these, this is a endocrine cells, the hormones came from here, the light purple blotches, these are not organized, stain lighter,

Acini - These are very abundant, this is a exocrine cells, darker purple color, these are in circluar patterns and making a tube duct,

76
Q

What gland is this?
Where are these Interstitial cells and Seminiferous tubules?

A

Testis

Interstitial cells - Inter means between, these are the cells in between the follicles, thees are again in between the tubules, these when stain are a dark red,

Seminiferous tubules - Not follicles, the circular cells are what produce sperm, the fiber looking things are the sperm cells are the flagella,

77
Q

Hormone actions on a cell would include

A

changing the permeability of cell membranes

activating enzymes

activating G-protein complexes

turning off enzymes

78
Q

When adenylate cyclase is activated

A

ATP is converted into cAMP

79
Q

Hormone release may be controlled by

A

blood levels of a hormone

blood levels of glucose

blood level of an ion

80
Q

Changes in blood osmolarity would effect

A

ADH levels

81
Q

Hormones that regulate the release of hormones produced in the anterior pituitary (“adenohypophysis”) come from

A

The hypothalamus

82
Q

Hormones from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) can be triggered for release due to

A

releasing/regulating hormones

83
Q

Which hormone/s is/are not released from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

ADH

84
Q

ADH is produced in the

A

hypothalamus

85
Q

The SON collection of neurons

A

releases mainly ADH and known as neuroendocrine cells

86
Q

The hormone oxytocin is associated with

A

promoting uterine contraction

87
Q

Which hormone triggers the release of T3 and T4 from the adrenal gland?

A

no hormones do that

88
Q

Which hormone directly triggers the releases of cortisol?

A

ACTH

89
Q

Cortisol is released from

A

the adrenal gland

90
Q

Leptin is released from

A

Adipose tissue

91
Q

Which hormone is associated with an increase in eating?

A

Ghrelin

92
Q

The NIS pump is associated with the hormone

A

T3

93
Q

Grave’s Disease is associated with

A

hyperthyroidism

94
Q

The hormone insulin comes from

A

beta

95
Q

The hormone calcitonin comes from

A

parafollicular cells

96
Q

Thromboxanes are an example of a hormone derived (made) from

A

eicosanoids

97
Q

Paracrine signaling will send a signal to

A

cells that are next door to the cell which released the signal

98
Q

What type of signal will bind to a membrane bound receptor?

A

water soluble

99
Q

G protein complexes are activated with the use of

A

GTP

100
Q

_____________ (fill in the blank with the choices below) is involved in activating protein kinase A

A

cAMP

101
Q

The hormone calcitonin will

A

inhibit osteoclasts

102
Q

The condition known as Gigantism is could be due to

A

over production of growth hormone releasing hormone

103
Q

The hormone cortisol is synthesized by cells located in the

A

zona fasciculata

104
Q

If someone’s FSH hormone levels increased

A

they would generate more testosterone

Human Anatomy 2 - BIO242 (4 decks)

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