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AS History (Stuarts) > Exam - Causes of ECW > Flashcards

Exam - Causes of ECW Flashcards

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1
Q

What we’re the three main themes of the causes of the English Civil War?

A
  • power
  • religion
  • money
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2
Q

What were the main reasons why Charles’ relations with Parliament were so difficult originally?

A
  • Charles’ personality
  • foreign policy
  • financial pressures
  • Buckingham
  • Religion
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3
Q

What was the petition of right?

A

Stopped Charles from interpreting his prerogative as he pleased and it dealt with taxation, imprisonment without trial, martial law and billeting

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4
Q

Why was Charles reluctant to accept the petition of right?

A

Restricted his freedom and he wanted absolute trust and loyalty. He believed that the forced loan was the fault of the MPs themselves who refused him money

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5
Q

What was the personal rule?

A

The period of which Charles ruled without parliament

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5
Q

What were the three main reasons why the personal rule ended?

A
  • lack of funds
  • lack of popularity
  • religious issues
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6
Q

Why was Parliament to blame for relations breaking down with the king?

A
  • wouldn’t grant Charles a regular income or large grants (tonnage and poundage)
  • wouldn’t grant Charles the sufficient funds for foreign policy (naval war with Spain)
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7
Q

Why was Charles to blame for relations breaking down with Parliament?

A
  • refused to compromise with Parliament on matters concerning religion
  • collected customs duties and introduced forced loans without Parliaments permission
  • Promoted Arminians who were disliked by parliament
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8
Q

In what way was Parliament willing to compromise with Charles?

A
  • they would grant Charles money if he only agreed to speak to them about the matter of religion
  • petition of right
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9
Q

In what way was Charles willing to compromise with Parliament?

A
  • accepted small amounts of tonnage and poundage even though previous monarchs received much more which went against tradition (unconstitutional)
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10
Q

Why did religious policy contribute to the unpopularity of the personal rule?

A
  • Arminians were growing in power
  • Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, favoured arminianism and was seen to be using absolutist methods to impose his will
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11
Q

What were lauds aims?

A
  • impose uniformity of practice
  • make churches more fit for worship
  • eradicate puritanism
  • increase Church influence on government
  • restore wealth of the clergy
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12
Q

How did financial policy contribute to the unpopularity of the personal rule?

A
  • distraint of knighthood
  • changes to forest law
  • wardships
  • recusancy fines
  • monopolies and grants
  • ship money
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13
Q

Why was an increase in trade unpopular with Puritans?

A

Saw it as abandoning the Protestant cause in Europe

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14
Q

What was the book of orders?

A

Monthly expectations to ensure that the idle poor were being put to work, children were in apprenticeships and erring poor were punished

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15
Q

What was the important financial case which discredited Charles’ personal rule?

A
  • John Hampden Case
  • He challenged the legality of ship-money, and although he lost the case, it demonstrated how legal experts were divided on the legality of Charles’ actions.
  • This caused a 90% decrease in income from ship money.
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16
Q

What was the reform of the militia?

A

A muster master was appointed to each county

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17
Q

What was the important financial case which discredited Charles’ personal rule?

A
  • John Hampden Case
  • He challenged the legality of ship-money, and although he lost the case, it demonstrated how legal experts were divided on the legality of Charles’ actions.
  • This caused a 90% decrease in income from ship money.
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18
Q

Why was the reform of the militia unpopular?

A
  • muster masters were outsiders and disliked by the counties

* fear that Charles was preparing an army

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19
Q

What actions by Charles resulted in further discontent in England?

A
  • act of revocation
  • articles of perth
  • wasn’t crowned in traditional Palace in scotland
  • took too long to visit Scotland
  • rejected petition that objected religious innovations
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20
Q

What was the act of revocation?

A

Took land from nobles and was given to the Church

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21
Q

What did Wentworth do in the North to upset the local gentry?

A
  • He gave JP’s a new ‘Book of Orders’, directing them how to instruct the local gentry.
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22
Q

The introduction of what caused the Bishops War?

A
  • The new laudian prayer book in Scottland.
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23
Q

What were the two Parliaments called following the end of the personal rule?

A
  • Short Parliament

* Long Parliament

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24
Q

What two events prompted the Personal Rule to end when it did?

A
  • Finance - Hamden Case.

* War - Scottland.

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25
Q

Who was responsible for unpopularity in Ireland during the personal rule?

A
  • Thomas Wentworth. (Policy of Thorough)
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26
Q

What did Wentworth do in the North to upset the local gentry?

A
  • He gave JP’s a new ‘Book of Orders’, directing them how to instruct the local gentry.
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27
Q

Why did the Act of Revocation only put Charles in a worse position?

A

Didn’t do much beyond alienating the nobles

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28
Q

What was the impact of reinforcing the articles of perth?

A

Upset Presbyterians as the introduction of bishops seemed too close to being Episcopalian

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29
Q

What was the impact of Charles being crowned in Holyrood Palace rather than Scone or Stirling?

A

Went against Scottish tradition and was seen as disrespectful - growth of hatred towards the king

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30
Q

What was the impact of Charles rejecting the petition he was given by the Scottish Lords?

A

Lord Balmerino tried to revive the petition but was charged with Treason and sentenced to death

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31
Q

What did Charles want to achieve in the Short / Long Parliaments?

A
  • To get financial support from Parliament,

* Without making many concessions on Laudian reform.

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32
Q

Give 3 main events from the crisis of 1640-1642:

A
  • Attempted arrest of 5 MP’s.
  • Root and Branch Bill.
  • London Mob (Rabble / disorder on the streets)
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33
Q

How did opposition lead to the end of the personal rule?

A
  • secret meetings set up
  • sympathy towards the punished
  • challenging legality of taxation
  • new prayer book in scotland
  • Scots didn’t trust charles
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34
Q

Why was Charles forced to call for parliament in 1640?

A
  • trouble in England
  • hampden’s case
  • bishops wars
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35
Q

Why was their little expectation for war in 1640?

A

There had been rows like this before but the cumulative effect of the crises were considerable

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36
Q

Why was Stafford the main target of opposition and ultimately executed?

A

He was seen as the man most likely to take a hard line against them and was associated closely with the attempt to rule without parliament

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37
Q

What secured Stafford’s execution?

A

Act of Attainder

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38
Q

Why was the execution of Charles not greeted with joy?

A

No king had ever been executed in England

38
Q

Why was the execution of Charles not greeted with joy?

A

No king had ever been executed in England

39
Q

When did the status of the monarchy begin to decline?

A

Under the reign of James I

40
Q

What was James known as?

A

The “wisest fool in Christendom”

41
Q

What was James a firm believer in?

A

The divine right of kings

42
Q

What is the divine right of Kings?

A

A belief that God had chosen the King and God couldn’t be wrong, neither could anyone appointed by him to rule

43
Q

What did James expect from his parliament?

A

To do as he wanted - he did not expect it to argue with any of his decisions

44
Q

What advantage did Parliament have over James?

A

They had money and he was continuously short of it

45
Q

What form of taxation did Parliament and James clash over?

A

Customs duties

46
Q

Why were customs duties important to James?

A

They were his source of income but Parliament told him that he couldn’t collect them without his consent

47
Q

When did James suspend parliament?

A

1611 and they did not meet for another 10 years

47
Q

When did James suspend parliament?

A

1611 and they did not meet for another 10 years

48
Q

Who did James turn to to help run the country without Parliament?

A

His favourites (friends) and they were rewarded with titles

49
Q

Why did James’ decision to rule with the help of his favourites rather than Parliament annoy MPs?

A

They believed that they had no right to run the country instead of themselves

50
Q

When did James recall Parliament?

A

1621

51
Q

Why did James call for parliament in 1621?

A

To discuss the future marriage of his Son, Charles, to the Spanish Infanta (Princess)

52
Q

Why was Parliament opposed to the Spanish Match?

A
  • If such as marriage occurred, would the children be brought up as Catholics?
  • Spain was still not considered a friendly nation with England
53
Q

When was the last war with Spain?

A

1588 (Spanish Armada)

54
Q

What was the result of the Spanish Match?

A

The marriage never took place, but the relationship between the King and Parliament was never mended by the time James died in 1625

55
Q

How did Charles’ personality differ from his father’s?

A

Charles was arrogant but also believed in the Divine right of kings

56
Q

What was Charles’ perception of Parliament when he came to power?

A

He had witnessed the damaged relationship between Parliament and James, and considered Parliament to be entirely at fault

57
Q

When did Charles marry and to whom?

A

1625 - Henrietta Maria (French Catholic Princess)

58
Q

Why were people worried about Charles’ marriage to Henrietta?

A

They were fearful that Charles would make England a Catholic country

59
Q

Instead of Parliament, who did James turn to for advice?

A

Duke of Buckingham

60
Q

Why did Parliament dislike Buckingham?

A

Resented his level of power over the King

61
Q

Was was Buckingham responsible for in 1623?

A

Taking England to war with Spain

62
Q

Why was 1625 a disastrous year for Buckingham?

A

He lost the war with Spain and Parliament brought a charge of Treason against him

63
Q

How successful was Buckingham’s War was th France in 1627?

A

It went very badly and the army lost

64
Q

When did Buckingham die?

A

1628

65
Q

How did Buckingham die?

A

While preparing a naval invasion of France, he was assasinated

66
Q

What were the main themes of the arguments Charles had with Parliament between 1625-1629?

A

Money and religion

67
Q

In 1625, how long did Charles refuse to let Parliament meet?

A

11 years (similar to his Father)

68
Q

Instead of Parliament and without the aid of Buckingham, what did Charles rule using?

A

The Court of Star Chamber

69
Q

How did Star Chamber raise money for its king?

A
  • Heavily fined those brought before it

* Rich men were persuaded to buy titles

70
Q

If rich men refused to purchase titles, how did Star Chamber make money regardless?

A

Fined them the same sum of money it would have cost for a title anyway

71
Q

When was William Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?

A

1633

72
Q

What tax did Charles enforce in 1635?

A

Ship money and now everyone had to pay it

73
Q

What was ship money’s original purpose?

A

A tax paid by coastal towns and villages to pay for the upkeep of the navy as they most benefitted from the Navy’s protection

74
Q

What was Charles’ justification for making everyone pay ship money?

A

He decided that everyone in the Kingdom benefitted from the Navy’s protection and so everyone should pay it

75
Q

What was Charles’ plan to force the Scots to do as he said in 1640?

A

Send an army which ended up being beaten

76
Q

How was Charles punished for the war with the Scots?

A

Forced to pay a lot of money as compensation

77
Q

Why was Charles forced to call for parliament in 1640?

A

He needed money

78
Q

In return for money, and as a display of power upon their return, what did Parliament do?

A

Call for the execution of Stafford

79
Q

What did Stafford do the influenced Parliaments decision to execute him?

A

He was raising a Catholic army in Ireland which could be used to take over England

80
Q

When Stafford was executed in 1641, what did Parliament also demand?

A

That Charles get rid of the Court of Star Chamber

81
Q

What was the impact of Strafford’s execution?

A

Irish Catholics rebelled against protestants, saying that they were rebelling for the King

82
Q

What was Parliaments reaction to the Irish rebels?

A

They didn’t trust Charles who asked for an army to fight the Irish because they believed that Charles would use both army’s against them

83
Q

By 1642, why was Charles forced to do as Parliament wished?

A

They had the ability to raise the money that Charles needed

84
Q

Why did Charles believe that Parliament having control over him was unacceptable?

A

Divine right of Kings

85
Q

How did Charles attempt to regain control in 1642?

A

Burst into Parliament with 300 soldiers to arrest his five biggest critics

86
Q

Why were Charles’ five biggest critics missing from Parliament?

A

They had been tipped off that they were going to be arrested and had already fled to safety. Parliament viewed Charles’ act as a breach of their privilege

87
Q

What demands did the long parliament pass in June 1642?

A

The 19 Propositions

88
Q

What were the 19 propositions?

A

Meant that the King’s power would be greatly reduced and control of government would be given to Parliament

89
Q

How did the 19 propositions divide Parliament?

A

Some supported it while other believed they had gone too far

90
Q

What happened 6 days after Charles attempted to arrest the five MPs?

A

He left London and headed for Oxford

91
Q

Why did Charles head to Oxford?

A

He wanted to raise an army to fight Parliament and put his enemies firmly in their place

92
Q

When and how did the English Civil War begin?

A

22nd August 1642

Charles raised his standard at Nottingham

AS History (Stuarts) (12 decks)

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