Charles - Chapter 3 Flashcards
How old was Charles when he became King?
- Charles was 24 years old.
Why was Charles not ‘supposed’ to become Monarch?
- Charles was the second son of James, his first son, Henry, was heir to the throne until his death in November 1612.
- Following his death Charles became the new heir to the throne, something which he was unused to.
What approach did Buckingham take toward Charles following his sucession to the throne?
- Buckingham was originally disliked by Charles due to the close relationship which he had with his Father.
- However, Charles was a very lonley person, and was susceptible to overtures of friendship from Buckingham.
- Buckingham wanted to develop a friendship with Charles to remain relevant after the inevitable death of James.
What area of foreign policy did Buckingham have considerable influance over?
- The direction of the War with Spain.
- He was responsible for several mishaps during the war, which were both embarrasing and financially costly.
How did Charles respond to the poor Military Leadership of Buckingham?
- He refused to accept the fact that Buckingham was incompetent.
- How many subsidies did Parliament grant James in 1624?
- Three Subsidies
- The purpose of which was to secure Ireland, Support the Dutch and to rebuild and improve the Navy.
How did James’ military strategy effect Charles relationship with Parliament?
- Parliament wanted a war with Spain in 1624, James wanted to avoid this, and intended to regain the Palatinate while avoiding full scale war.
- This caused much of the money allocated in 1624 to be wasted, or spent against the will of Parliament.
- This made it much harder for Charles to get funding for the military, it also made parliament more restrictive.
How did Charles’ marriage to Henrietta Maria cause conflict?
- When the Spanish Match collapse, many people in Parliament were happy, and celebrated the event.
- So when Charles instead married a French Catholic, this was not much more popular than the Spanish Match.
Who was Cardianl Richelieu?
- Louis XIII’s Chief Minister from 1624.
- He was determined to reduce the power of Spain.
- He wanted to restore the power of the French Monarch.
What was Cardinal Richelieu’s stance on the war with Spain?
- He was opposed to any direct intervention.
- He wanted Spain to remain locked in war.
- He wanted to use this oppotunity to grow French interests elsewhere.
What Religious reform in England was Cardinal Richelieu pushing for?
- Reduction of the Penal Laws.
- Allowing Charles’ wife to attend Catholic services.
List the overall reasons as to why Charles had a difficult relationship with Parliament: (Up to 1629)
- Charles’ personality and his personal views on Divine Right and the role of the Monarch.
- Foreign Policy Problems - War with Spain.
- Financial Pressures.
- Support of Buckingham.
- Religious Issues.
When was the first Parliament?
- June - August 1625.
What were the problematic contexts surrounding the 1625 Parliament?
- An outbreak of the Plague in London meant many MP’s were unwilling to expose themselves to the disease.
- Henrietta Maria had just arrived from France, this brought Religious issues up from the various radical MP’s who remained, despite the Plague.
How was Foreign Policy an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
- Charles and Buckingham were unwilling to explain much of their plans to Parliament, as Charles did not see any reason why he should have to.
- Eventually, they made it clear than a Naval Expedition to Cadiz was needed.
- Charles also hoped to subsidise a Danish invasion of Germany, but how much this would cost was not clear. Parliament wanted more details.
How was an Fianance an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
- MP’s became unhappy when he insisted granting subsidies should take precedence over any other issues, which must be kept until a later session.
- They reluctantly granted £140,000 worth of Subsidies and Tonnage and Poundage for a single year. (Most Monarchs had been granted this for life.)
How was Buckingham a problem in the 1625 parliament?
- Buckingham lacked the support of much of the Privy Council. (They believed Buckingham had a monopoly of infualnce over Charles.)
- Questions had begun to be asked about the Military Experience (or lack thereof) of Buckingham, and how he was in the posistion of Lord Admiral of the Navy without any previous military experience.
How was Religion an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
- MP’s were concerned about the relaxed enforcment of the Penal Laws.
- Charles was not willing to listen, so Parliament threatend to withhold financial support until he granted their demands.
- Paliament began to attack Richard Montagu, who was an Arminian, who Charles defended.
When did Charles disolve the 1625 Parliament?
- 12th August 1625.
When was the Second Parliament?
- Febuary - June 1626.
What were the cirumastances surroudning the 1626 Parliament?
- The Military Expedition to Cadiz was a complete disaster, and deficiencies in Leadership were soon revealed to be the main cause.
- Charles became suspicious of the intentions of Parliament, when they continued to persue Buckingham.
How was Foreign Policy an issue in the 1626 Parliament?
- The invasion of Cadiz was being ran from a poorly provisioned and supplied fleet.
- The army had poor qaulity clothing, and lacked food / water, so they ended up drinking wine and becoming drunk on the streets of Cadiz during the invasion.
- Many MP’s (Such as Elliot), balmed the failure of Charles and Buckingham for the death of the soldiers and the failure of the expedition.
How was Finance an issue in the 1626 Parliament?
- Finance was a less important issue during the 1626 Parliament compared to the 1625 Parliament, due to the infulx of other issues which took precedence.
- MP’s were determined not to grant subsidies until their greviances were addresses properly by Charles.
How did Charles attempt to remove Parliamentary opposistion during the 1626 Parliament?
- Charles appointed former MP’s to the position of Sherrif so that they could not stand for election.
- All this achieved was the removal of several moderates from Parliament, which caused radicals to rise in rank.
How was Buckingham an issue in the 1626 Parliament?
- Both houses were comitted to take action against Buckingham.
- Eliot wanted to impeach Buckingham for High Treason and for Posioning James.
- The House of Lords were opposed to Buckingham due to the fact Charles had imprisoned a member for speaking out against Buckingham.
How was Religion an issue in the 1626?
- The Religious situation had begun to ease due to increased enforcment of the Penal Laws, and due to the fact Charles had sent his Wife’s Servants back to France.
- However William Laud had begun to rise in power, he preached a Sermon at the opening of Parliament, and had begun to increase his power.
How did Charles initially attempt to raise money without the consent of Parliament following the 1626 Parliament?
- He initially asked JP’s to give him a ‘free gift’ of funding, however the vast majoirty refused unless Parliament’s consent had been given.
- The City of London, only offered Charles a small amount of money (£20,000), compared to previous loans.
Following an initial failure to gain funds, What did Charles decide on to get money?
- Charles implemented a Forced Loan.
- He was in grave need of funding to rebuild the navy as war against France was looking increasingly likely.
- This raised £240,000 but was deeply unpoplar among the public.
What happened to those who resisted Paying the forced Loan?
- Those who refused to pay risked either being conscripted to join the Navy, or were imprisoned.
- Several radical MP’s were imprisoned in the Tower as a result, including John Eliot and other radicals.
- They used the precedent of ‘Habeas Corpus’ to be brought to trial without indefinite imprisonment.
- At trial, the Judges faced a difficult decision, but ruled Charles could detain indefinetly through his Perogative as it was a ‘Matter of State’.
What happened between 1626-1628 in regard to to Buckingham?
- Buckingham was responsible for yet another Military catastrophe.
- Buckigham’s Navy failed to invade the French port of LaRochelle as scaling ladders were too short - due to poor planning on the part of Buckingham the invasion was another disaster.
- This reconfirmed what Parliament had previosuly been saying about the need to impeach and remove Buckingham.
When was the Third session of Parliament?
- March-June 1628.
- January-March 1929.
At the begining of the third Parliament what did Charles do to pave the way for a better outcome than the previous two Parliaments?
- He released those whom he had imprisoned.
- He allowed his Secretary of State, Sir John Coke, to communicate with MP’s, rather than Charles communicating Directly. This avoided needless irritation.
What issues did MP’s raise during the third parliament?
- Perogative - MP’s were concerned about it’s use for unlawful taxation and imprisonment.
- Billeting - He had billetted troops into households in the south-west and had not paid what was due.
- Martial Law - Was imposed on areas (South-West) where the troops were stationed.
- Foreign Policy - Failure to invade LaRochelle lead by Buckingham.
What was the Petition of Right?
- The Petition of Right was a less radical solution to the ‘Bill of Rights’ proposed by John Eliot and other Radicals.
- This was to define the powers of the King, and to prevent Charles from interpreting his perogative as he deemed fit.
- Charles agreed to the petition in order to recieve the funding for a second expedition to LaRochelle. He intended to avoid the petition using technicalities later on.
What action did Elitot take regarding Religion between 1628-1629?
- Once the unhealthy summer had arrived, most of the moderate MP’s had left London. This gave the radicals an ideal moment to push for Religous reform, in the absence of the moderates.
- Eliot drew up a remonstrance protesting about the growth of Arminianism.
- He went on to impeach Richard Manwaring, for a sermon on the issue of the Divine Right which he had preached in 1627.
How did the Third session of Parliament end?
- It came to an end on a sour note due to disputed between MP’s and Charles over the legality of his collection of Custom Duties.
What issue(s) from the 1628 parliament hindered progress in the beginning of the 1629 parliament?
The refusal on both side to not give in to outstanding matters in the Petition of Right
What two main reasons from the petition were most prevalent in the 1629 sitting of parliament?
- Customs duties
- The religious question and the rise of Arminianism
Why were Customs duties an issue in the 1629 parliament?
Charles had argued that the petition of rights didn’t outright ban the levying of Customs duties specifically so he continued collecting them and even imprisoning and impounded the goods of merchants who refused to pay
Why did the religious question and the rise of Arminianism cause an issue in the 1629 parliament?
A series of deaths among bishops had lead to Charles being able to fill those positions with 8 new bishops of his choice. This included Laud as bishop of London and Montagu as Chichester. This was provocative on the part of Charles as they were unpopular with many MPs
Who led the radical MPs in the 1629 parliament?
John Eliot, MP for Cornwall
Which moderate MPs did the radicals defy the efforts of to calm the situation?
- Nathaniel Rich in the commons
- Saye and Sele and Warwick in the Lords
Why did Charles adjourn the 1629 parliament?
He was unwilling to compromise on the two main issues and anticipated that they would not grant him tonnage or poundage for life
What was the reaction of the radical MPs to the adjournment of the 1629 parliament?
While Black Rod hammered on the door to the Commons for prorogation to the lords, Eliot, Denzil Holles and Benjamin Valentine held down the speaker while they ‘passed’ 3 resolutions
What were the 3 resolutions forcibly passed in the 1629 parliament?
- Those advertising popish or Arminian innovations in religion were ‘capital enemies to this kingdom’
- Those who participated in the collection of Customs duties were ‘innovators in the government’ and ‘capital enemies to this kingdom’
- Those who paid Customs duties were ‘betrayers of the liberty of England and enemies to the same’
What was Charles’ revenge on the agitators of the events of the 1629 parliament?
Arrested 9 MPs and weren’t allowed to claim parliamentary priviledges for their ‘political subversion’
Which MPs were sent to the Tower of London after their arrest?
Holles, Eliot and Valentine accsued for raising sedition between King and People
Which MP died in the Tower of London in 1629?
John Eliot
When was Valentine released from the Tower?
1640
Which former crown critics came back to work under it?
- Wentworth
- Sir Robert Phelips (became prominent in local affairs in Somerset)
What issues had parliamentary divisiveness led Charles to begin the Personal Rule?
- Foreign policy
- Collection of Sufficient Revenue
- Ordering the Church
What were his original aims of the personal rule?
- Peace
- Financial probity
- A united council
- Maintainance of the Church/state link
- Appointment of men who could carry out his aims faithfully
What was the financial issue Charles had at the start of the Personal Rule?
He had a debt of £2 million in 1629, which had doubled since he inherited the crown
